African influence on Western Culture Essay

Africa, a continent with a not so peaceful history, has always been mysterious and amazing, all at the same time. â€Å"Afri† was a Latin name used to refer to the Carthaginians who lived in Northern Africa from the 9th century B.C to the 7th century A.D when the last Punic culture was destroyed in the Arab conquest. Before I start recounting my general point of view on the topic above, I would like to share a brief opinion about multiculturalism. Defining it is not that simple. Some people refer to multiculturalism as a word that describes society where many different cultures live together in peace. But is it always like that? What about inherent racism and fear? Over the last few years, lots of people have been exploiting it in order to abuse other cultures and discriminate people who are different from them. In a normal world, they would be reprimanded and heavily fined. In most countries, that’s not the case and even the authorities do not care about them. On the other hand, all cultures deserve respect, including the African ones. Cultures have been developed over centuries to allow people to live together, reasonably and peacefully. Multiculturalism can mean a country accepting some practices it tends to object to, but it can also mean that a culture becomes exposed to other ways of living, which could have quite a bad impact on the other dwellers. In conclusion, we must learn that accepting people as they are is of great importance. It is important to respect each other, and one should know that living by moral standards is one irreplaceable thing.

What Happens When You Eat

Activity #1: How Long is the Digestive System Have students cut a piece of yarn according to the following measurements. Allow students to use different color yarn to represent different organs. After the yarn has been cut tie the pieces together. Esophagus 25 cm Stomach 20 cm Small Intestine 700 cm Large Intestine 150 cm TOTAL 895 cm Have students work out the percentages or ratios of the lengths of the different organs in the body in order to have a numerical idea of the differences along with the visual data provided by the string. Find out information (from books provided) about how much time food spends in each of these parts of the digestive system as well as which types of foods are broken down in each part. Activity #2: Digestion Place a sugar cube in a cup of water. Place about a spoonful of granulated sugar in the other cup of water. Observe what happens. Have students record the time it takes for each type of sugar to dissolve and work out the ratios of these Activity #3: Carbohydrate Digestion Have the students chew two unsalted soda crackers for two minutes without swallowing. Students will be allowed to take check the solution every fifteen seconds and record the solvency of their saliva by counting the number of lumps present in a given amount at these 15-second intervals. Children will be instructed to plot the progression on a graph. Have them write a paragraph explaining the slope of the graph Activity #4: Hands on Digestion Place the hamburger, 3 eyedroppers full of 1M HCl, one tablespoon of Digestive Juice A and two tablespoons of Digestive Juice B into a plastic bag. Knead the bad with your hands (simulates the stomach) for about 10-15 minutes, it will have been reduced to mainly liquid and have a definite odor. have students write a summary of the activity, explaining the action of the hcl on the hamburger and noting any difference between the digested meat and the digested bread Activity #5: How do Villi aid the Small Intestine in Absorption? Compare how 1, 2, 3, and 4 folded paper towels absorb. Dip each paper towel into a cup of water (use the same amount of water in each cup). Record the volume of water left in the cup (using a graduated cylinder). Explain the comparison between the paper towels and the villi. How are these similar and how do they differ? What is the significance, if any, of the similarities and differences? Consider especially the mixture of water and stool and (thinking back to activity 1) describe what might happen if the food passed too fast or too slow through the large intestine. Activity #6: A Digestive System Simulation Procedure: Things to make ahead of time: 1. FOOD TUBE: Lay out two parallel lines of tape on the floor, 3'apart and long enough for half the class to stand shoulder to shoulder on one side of the parallel lines. 2. FOOD PARTICLE: The food particle consists of M&M's placed in small zip-lock bags. These are placed in wadded newspapers in small paper sacks. Place the small sacks in larger sacks with added newspaper. Place all sacks and add newspaper until the large plastic bag is full. This bag is then taped or tied closed to complete the food particle. Action: 1. Peristaltic Movement: Put the food particle to be eaten at one end of the food tube and a large trash can at the other. Have students line up on both sides, facing each other, squeeze the food particle the length of the food tube. 2. Digestion: Label and/or instruct the players. As the food comes to a student they should narrate what they are doing and why. Teeth – tear food apart (break plastic bag) Saliva – use spray bottles to moisten food particle Stomach – tear small bags apart Pancreatic juices – spray food Small Intestine – absorbs food, find bags of candy and pass to blood (the teacher can play the role of the blood) Large Intestine – reabsorbs water, sponge up water on the floor Rectum/Anus – puts the waste papers in the trash can Draw a diagram of the digestive system, labeling its parts and correlating them to the props used in the experiment.

Innocence of Liesel Meminger Essay

Innocence is something that all of us know and relish. It is something sweet and peaceful that we all deem precious. In the novel ‘The Book Thief’, one little girl possesses this trait, in a very surprisingly place. In the heart of Nazi Germany, Liesel Meminger’s innocence is easily distinguished. In the story, Liesel Meminger is forced to adapt to a new family and environment due to her past traumatic experiences. Throughout part one of the book, Liesel shows her juvenility on numerous occasions shown by her interactions with others, in what she says, and through her attitudes. Rosa Hubermann was walking around their neighborhood to show Liesel her job, collecting clothes from the wealthy to iron. Upon arrival at a house, Rosa Hubermann told Liesel, â€Å"‘You go.’ Liesel was horrified. A giant brown door with a brass knocker stood atop a small flight of steps. ‘What?’ Mama shoved her ‘Don’t you ‘What’ me, saumensch. Move it.’† (The Book Thief, Hardcover Pg.42) This shows that Liesel is juvenile because she is terrified at her mama’s orders even though the job is simply to collect clothing. Also, she was in such disbelief at her mama’s decision when she was forced to retrieve the clothing because she never thought her new mama would put her in a position to bring her tremendous discomfort. Liesel is performing her usual routine, cleaning the spat saliva off the front porch from the mouth of Frau Holtzapfel. â€Å"†¦once in a while some stars had the nerve to rise and float, if only for a few minutes. On those nights, she would stay a little longer and wait. ‘Hello, stars.’† (The Book Thief, Hardcover Pg.45) Due to Liesel’s young imagination, she takes the time to converse with the stars. Any adult would not even regard the stars let alone talk to them because they have lost the innocence found in childhood, but Liesel is different and takes the time to do such things. Still in disbelief of her brother’s recent death, she is on her knees at her brother’s icy cold grave, digging in denial. â€Å"Somewhere in all the snow, she could see her broken heart, in two pieces.† (The Book Thief Hardcover Pg.24) This shows how Liesel is innocent because when all she loves is seized in that graveyard she is lost and does not know what to do. It was the cold graveyard, the thought of her mom leaving her forever in the midst of her younger brother’s death that overwhelmed Liesel to a broken heart. The Book Thief by Markus Zusak is important to read because it reveals something special in an very unexpected place. Germans who lived in Nazi Germany are still to this day commonly stereotyped as being ruthless and hate filled. Liesel has given a previously unseen perspective of these times, a look through the eyes of an innocent child that knows nothing of bitter hatred and antagonism. This is all easily perceived through her interactions with other characters , her own dialogue, and attitudes.

Waste in Government Spending Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Waste in Government Spending - Research Paper Example This paper shall specifically address the thesis: the United States government has a significant amount of unnecessary expenses which waste the taxpayers’ money. It shall discuss the fact that the US is spending unnecessarily for matters and items which can actually be discarded as government expenses. This paper is being carried out in order to establish an argumentative and logical conclusion to the thesis, setting forth a scholarly and detailed approach to the resolution of the issue raised. The US government has a significant amount of unnecessary expenses which waste the taxpayers’ money. President Barack Obama himself has acknowledged the fact that â€Å"0.004 of 1 percent of the federal budget as wasteful and proposed eliminating this $140 million from his $3.6 trillion fiscal year 2010 budget request† (Riedl, p. 1). Such waste in government spending is significantly impacting on the areas where actual and essential spending is needed and where deficiencie s are impacting on the quality of government services. There are different kinds of waste seen in government spending, and many of them were specified and detailed by Senator Tom Coburn in his 2010 report entitled â€Å"Wastebook.† Some of these unnecessary expenses shall be discussed below. ... This is an unfortunate circumstance considering the fact that thousands of American troops injured in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars are set to return to the US requiring medical and other support services (Winter). There are about 5,000 buildings owned by the Department of Veterans Affairs, but about 300 of these are vacant and dilapidated. And yet, much money is being allocated for their upkeep and no lucrative or beneficial remedies are being implemented as yet by the government to address this issue. Coburn also discusses how the government is wasting about $1.5 million in sprucing apartments before tearing them down. This practice is seen in Shreveport, LA (p. 4). Coburn (p. 4) reports how the city of Shreveport, Louisiana spent $1.5 million of stimulus funds to fix moldy houses which were already considered for demolition. The housing authority set forth that it would use stimulus money in order to improve various low-income homes. After an audit, the authorities established tha t the city has not spent the money allocated to it; this was against the regulations set forth by the stimulus which required the city to spend the allocated money within a year. In order to comply with such mandate, the officials implemented mold remediation for the housing units (Coburn, p. 4). An evaluation established however that the remediation was not done properly; subsequently, the demolition of the buildings was implemented. Waste in government spending is also apparent with various agencies making unnecessary printing. Such unnecessary printing amounts to $930 million annual cost (Coburn, p. 5). Based on a report by Lexmark (p. 3), there are about $440 million printing savings

Democracy and development-xz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Democracy and development-xz - Essay Example The analysis of law by the Supreme Court can be understood as destructive or proactive depending on an individual’s beliefs and opinion. However, individual beliefs and opinion are not the primary focus of the judicial system. In this perspective, political struggles emerge with opposing and proposing sentiments (Stone  78). Some citizens and scholars understand the importance of judicial activism while others argue against it. Judicial activism inclines to contradict the essence of democracy. Many judges oppose various clauses in the constitution and consider it wise to alter those clauses to make them conform to their personal or group beliefs. However, constitution demonstrates democracy, which all individuals should apprehend for the best interest of the public (Jordan  56). The constitution is a living representative of the opinion and beliefs of the majority in the United State. People elect senators and representatives who alter and add to the constitution to make it speak for people. To this end, if the constitution is not apprehend as a structure of justice, then the structure of justice will be left in the hands of individuals, therefore contradicting the fundamental nature of democracy-rule of citizens (Reitz  67). Individuals that advocate for judicial restraint argue that judicial activism may increase the likelihood of the United State been coerced into a state of anarchy. The concept invalidates the purpose of the rule of law, which is to eradicate the sense of injustice and reality of injustice. Judicial activism slows the process of trials and increases the uncertainty and victims may not understand it as objectively just. It reduces the chances of a peaceful process of settlement of disputes and temptation to violent on individuals in attempting to obtain justice emerges. Violent self-help brings about vigilantism and finally anarchy. Supreme Court judges not only interpret the constitution to suit their personal interest but also make

Reading Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Reading - Assignment Example In the winter of 1906-1907, Pablo designed the first elements of Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. The author appreciates that the twentieth century artist developed his concepts in an intensive manner. The design took place through a program planned consciously similar to the works of Gericault and Leonardo. Picasso painted his product on an eight feet canvas in the summer of 1907. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon provided the rift as well as the divide between ninetieth century art and future designs (modern) designs in painting (Chave 600). It remains the hallmark of art over the one hundred years. Chiva holds that time and events at the time allowed Picasso to do what he did. Nothing was strange because other events were happening in other areas as well. In 1909, Schoenberg composed the Erwatung and The Right of Spring by Stravinsky came to the limelight in 1910. In 1914, when Picasso was doing the later stages of cubism, Ulysses started. Caught up in blue and silver long curtains are five pink women in the painting. Two of the women are in an upright posture raising their arms with the purpose of flaunting their breasts. With protruding black eyes, the women always stare at the viewer. The designer decided to mask the other three women out of the five. Two of the three are dressed in African masks. Of the two, one intrudes from behind one of the cloth that remains jagged and the bother appears squatting in fabrics made of diamond. The author identifies that height carries a few more centimetres than the width in reality. This fact disposes any analyst to be part of symmetry and space. Work done by Picasso on Les Demoiselles d’Avignon was great and immense any way. The late ninetieth century and early twentieth century witnessed the development of provocative works in the industry with the same theme as that designed by Picasso. Identified in this category are novel by Zola, Pallas Athene by Klimt, and Madonna by

Business Environment and Strategic Management Assignment - 1

Business Environment and Strategic Management - Assignment Example This essay stresses that Nokia could use an alternative strategy for developing its activities. Instead of being relied on the financial support of Elop, the firm should try to update its strategies; a restructuring of the firm’s units could help to the limitation of the firm’s costs, in the context described above, and the stabilization of the firm’s performance. Moreover, following this practice, the firm could manage to develop its performance, even in the long term. In any case, as proved through the figures presented above – and through the relevant graphs – the problem of the firm is not its sales but its profits; in other words, there is no need for increasing sales – even if such perspective would be positive for the growth of the firm – but to increase the profits; in this context, there is an issue of update of the firm’s management strategies and not of improving the firm’s brand name or achieve other benefits that refer to the firm’s image in its market. This paper makes a conclusion that investing in Nokia would be strongly suggested. The firm is in a period of restructuring. For a while, its performance may be under pressure; however, in the long term, the improvement in the firm’s profitability can be considered as secured. Indeed, the initiatives developed by the firm’s new leader are expected to lead the firm to a significant growth, if taking into consideration its market share and its prospects having access to Android-based devices and iPhone.

Influence of human surroundings on buildings Essay

Influence of human surroundings on buildings - Essay Example In older styles, such as Gothic, Romanesque or Renaissance, these are more evident of times gone by, periods of architecture which are no longer built. Yet some of these influences are reflected in the current-day buildings and consequently, are considered vernacular. Therefore, it is easy to claim that vernacular is a combination of styles, without the influence of any one particular architect or stylist (Arboleda 2006). Vernacular architecture is considered to be crafted by the builder, according to the desires of the owner who may also be the builder too. Over time, buildings such as these, when created through trial and error in first processes, become perfected and then reflect the style of the society or environment within which it resides. Rather than pursuing the aesthetic quality or some egotistical vision of a particular artist/architect, vernacular building is more about accomplishing the factors of function and ecological assimilation and also providing comfort of living at the same time (Ladd 2003). Local materials are used as well as local workers and this also provides a sense of the place having grown from the ‘roots’ of the local social environment. Vernacular building can also be representative of local observances such as a church and its flock of worshipers and provide remembrance of the religion through how it is built, according to the belief structure of those who will use it. The local populace in older times, were craftsmen who utilized functional skills in preparing materials and in the creation of infrastructure which was to provide a functional, well-built building, created to withstand much of nature’s harsh storms and other events, commiserate with that local population and environment (Ladd 2003). In America, log cabins are considered to be the early American style, consistent with the early settlers who built their homes using the trees around them. Today’s pre-packaged version in whatever wood choice y ou want, represents that stereo-typed tradition of the early days without the hassle of having to cut it down yourself. Of course, you could do it that way if you own the land you plan to build on and have the physical energy to do so. While vernacular building was representative of times gone by, including historical references, today’s version is more about sustainability, technological advances in building processes, and referencing the social and natural environment around the location (Arboleda 2006). The vernacular building is created to provide the necessities of life such as shelter, warmth and a place to cook and eat food. It is created to suit the owner and to also meld within the local social infrastructure. Apartment buildings are a type of vernacular building in that they are built, not necessarily with a particular style, but to suit the basic needs of anyone renting an apartment there. The basics include a main room, bedroom(s), bathroom(s) and the kitchen. In some cases, specifically-intentioned dining rooms are also included in those costing a little more. This is

Personal Work Group Evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Work Group Evaluation - Assignment Example The goal of the group was to select three subjects with which the program should be launched and how many questions should be asked in a single set. The group is also expected to suggest other features that would make this service attractive for the students. The group membership consists of four members: two school textbook editors, an IT specialist, and a finance expert from the same organization. The group started off on a positive note since the people knew one another from the organization but, except for the two editors, had not worked together on a project before. During the forming stage, the members met in a conference room and exchanged greetings. The IT specialist introduced the project and asked the textbook editors to suggest which subjects should be selected. The group then seemed to enter the storming stage as the editors disagreed on several issues. One editor wanted to select high school science subjects whereas the other editor stressed on using English questions for ESL and EFL students. They interrupted each other frequently and ultimately, the other two members had been left out of the discussion and it became a tussle between the two editors. Eventually, the IT specialist noted that decisions could not be made in this way and that it was necessary to establish some norms. He suggested that each member would share their ideas along with the pros and cons so that a balanced discussion can take place. He also suggested that in the end a vote would be taken to decide which subjects to select. The members agreed that they needed more time to research about the size of the market and the pros and cons of their choices. The meeting was adjourned on this note. During the proceedings, the two editors engaged in turf protection and in establishing their authority over each other. They shared ideas but merely to reject competing ones. The IT

Police recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police recruitment - Essay Example The enrollment and retention of police officers is a significant challenge for police agents. This problem is exacerbated by pending retirements, local budget crises, military calls, heavy competition by qualified applicants and the ever changing work preferences of the young people. All these issues are arising at a time when there are increased homeland security demands and high levels of crime in American cities. Many police agencies find difficulties in recruiting minority and female officers. Also, the economic downturn if late 2008 and early 2009 presented profound setbacks on the budgets of local agencies (Rand.org). The impact of the economic downturn was enough to impede the ability of local police departments to maintain a proper workforce. The agencies are unable to recruit more police officers into their ranks. Other agencies went further to lay off police officers and institute hiring freezes. Even in times of financial difficulty, it is important to carry out proper rec ruitment strategies. The law enforcement agencies success starts with its recruitment strategies. Hiring and retaining shortcomings that have plagued the law enforcement agencies all over the United States persist today. Many applicants who are mainly recruited for policing are being recruited by other industries. Small and rural police departments are finding it impossible to compete against their larger counterparts in the hiring efforts. With the changing demographics, law enforcement agencies must ensure that their department’s staff represents the communities they serve.

Hist101 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hist101 - Research Paper Example Working in a secret Committee of Five, Thomas Jefferson authored the Declaration of Independence. The import of this is that being involved in this effort would have automatically attracted the death penalty for Jefferson and the entire committee, since secession from Britain was considered treasonous. The Declaration of the American independence would go a long way to protect the American ideals of democracy and freedom, than any other document1. Thomas Jefferson was also responsible for the passing of the Statute of Religious Freedom in Virginia. The bill was a landmark and radical piece of legislation since it cemented religious freedom in the US and gave individuals the rights and freedoms to pursue their religious convictions. Jefferson also inspired the founding of the University of Virginia, since he believed in a vibrant nation and personal freedom, as the values which the university would perpetuate. To Jefferson, it is only by making education accessible that the freedoms guaranteed in the Declaration of the American independence and the Statute of Religious Freedom would become meaningful2. It was during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency that Britain conducted search and seizures of US ships and woo many American sailors into joining the British navy. Because of this, America had to repeatedly recruit the navy. At the time, America was not strong enough to parallel Britain’s financial and military might. Thus, this incident could not be apportioned to Jefferson as his failure. Because of this, Jefferson still remains the patron and author of civil rights and freedoms and democracy in the United States. The main difference between Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs in their understanding of American freedom and politics is that while Whigs wanted to maintain the political and socioeconomic status quo that had been

Plato vs. Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Plato vs. Aristotle Essay Plato and Aristotle, two philosophers in the 4th century, hold polar views on politics and philosophy in general. This fact is very cleverly illustrated by Raphaels School of Athens (1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican), where Plato is portrayed looking up to the higher forms; and Aristotle is pointing down because he supports the natural sciences. In a discussion of politics, the stand point of each philosopher becomes an essential factor. It is not coincidental that Plato states in The Republic that Philosopher Rulers who possess knowledge of the good should be the governors in a city state. His strong interest in metaphysics is demonstrated in The Republic various times: for example, the similes of the cave, the sun, and the line, and his theory of the forms. Because he is so involved in metaphysics, his views on politics are more theoretical as opposed to actual. Aristotle, contrarily, holds the view that politics is the art of ruling and being ruled in turn. In The Politics, he attempts to outline a way of governing that would be ideal for an actual state. Balance is a main word in discussing Aristotle because he believes it is the necessary element to creating a stable government. His less metaphysical approach to politics makes Aristotle more in tune with the modern world, yet he is far from modern. Platos concept of what politics and government should be is a direct result of his belief in the theory of forms. The theory of forms basically states that there is a higher form for everything that exists in the world. Each material thing is simply a representation of the real thing which is the form. According to Plato, most people cannot see the forms, they only see their representation or their shadows, as in the simile of the cave. Only those who love knowledge and contemplate on the reality of things will achieve understanding of the forms. Philosophers, who by definition are knowledge lovers, are the only beings who can reach true knowledge. This concept has to be taken a step further because in The Republic, Plato states that philosophers should be the rulers since they are the only ones who hold the form of the good. Plato seems to be saying that it is not enough to know the forms of tables or trees, one must know the greatest formform of the goodin order to rule. The reasoning is: if you know the good, then you will do the good. Therefore, philosopher rulers are by far the most apt to rule. In The Republic, Plato builds around the idea of Philosopher Rulers. Even though it is not his primary point, it certainly is at the core of his discussion of the ideal state. The question that arises is, Why do you need ideal states which will have philosophers as rulers? There are many layers to the answer of this question. The first thing is that a state cannot be ideal without having philosophers as rulers. This answer leads to the question, Then why do you need ideal states to begin with? The Republic starts with a discussion of Justice which leads to the creation of the ideal state. The reason why an ideal state is needed is to guarantee the existence of Justice. This does not mean, though, that there cannot be states without Justice. Actually, Plato provides at least two reasons why the formation of a state cannot be avoided. These are: 1. human beings are not self-sufficient so they need to live in a social environment, and 2.each person has a natural aptitude for a specified task and should concentrate on developing it (The Republic, pp 56-62). Although a person is not self-sufficient, a composition of peoplea statesatisfies the needs of all its members. Furthermore, members can specialize on their natural fortitudes and become more productive members of society. States are going to form, whether purposefully or coincidentally. For this reason, certain rules have to be enacted for the well-being of the state. The main way to institutionalize rules is through government and in the form of laws. Platos The Republic is not an explication of laws of the people. It is a separation of power amongst three classesRulers, Auxiliaries, Commonersthat makes the most of each persons natural abilities and strives for the good of the community. The point is to create a harmonious unity amongst the three classes which will lead to the greater good of the community and, consequently, each individual. The three classes are a product of different aptitude levels for certain tasks amid various individuals. Plato assigns different political roles to different members of each class. It appears that the only classes that are allowed to participate in government are the Auxiliaries and, of course, the Philosopher Rulers. The lower class does not partake in politics because they are not mentally able. In other words, they do not understand the concept of the forms. Thus, it is better to allow the Philosophers, who do have this knowledge, to lead them. Providing food and abode for the Guardians is the only governmental responsibility the lower class has. The Auxiliaries are in charge of the military, police, and executive duties. Ruling and making laws is reserved for the Philosopher Rulers whose actions are all intended for the good of the state. To ensure that public good continues to be foremost on each Rulers agenda, the Rulers live in community housing, hold wives/children in common, and do not own private property. The separation of classes is understood by everybody Self-interest, which could be a negative factor in the scheme of things, is eliminated through a very moral oriented education system. All these provisions are generated to maintain unity of the state. The most extravagant precaution that Plato takes is the Foundation Myth of the metals. By making the people believe, through a myth, that the distinction of each class is biological as well as moral, Plato reassures that there wont be any disruption in the harmony of the state. Whereas Platos The Republic is a text whose goal is to define Justice and in doing so uses the polis, Aristotles The Politicss sole function is to define itselfdefine politics. Aristotle begins his text by answering the question: Why does the state exist? His answer is that the state is the culmination of natural associations that start with the joining of man and woman (pair), which have a family and form a household; households unite and form villages; villages unite and form the state. This natural order of events is what is best because it provides for the needs of all the individuals. Aristotle, like Plato, believes that a person is not self-reliant. This lack of sufficiency is the catalyst in the escalating order of unions among people. In The Politics, it appears that Aristotle is not very set on breaking down society. His argument says that there are different classes in society, but they are naturally defined. For example, he devotes a lot of time to an explanation of the naturalness of slaves and their role in society. Aristotle is also very sexist and explicitly states so. His view is that women are inferior to men in all senses. Perhaps the most pertaining to our discussion is the citizen, whose role is purely political. Both Plato and Aristotle seem to agree that some people are not capable of practicing an active role in political life. Platos reason is that the lower class is not mentally adept for the intricacies of higher knowledge on the good. Aristotle seems to base his opinion on a more political issue. He believes that only those that fully participate in their government should be considered citizens of the state. For this reason, he excludes workers as citizens because they would not have the required time to openly participate in politicking. The Aristotelian polis, as opposed to Platos, is a city with a large middle class which promotes stability and balances the conflicting claims of the poor and the rich. Aristotle combines elements of democracy with elements of aristocracy, again to balance opposing claims. Because he is aware that human interest is an inextricable entity, the distribution of scarce and valuable goods is in proportion to contribution to the good of the polis. This system provides for the self interested who believe that those who work harder should receive more. Another point is that the citizens rule and are ruled in turn, insofar as the mixed social system allows. This is permissible because of the strong involvement of the citizens in government; it is what one would call a true democracy. Overall, a spirit of moderation prevails. The philosophies of Aristotle and Plato have been around for over sixteen centuries, yet today it is difficult to find specific instances where either philosophy is applied. This may be a result of the fact that todays political philosophy differs from both philosophers. While Aristotle and Plato uphold the good of the community or state above individual good, todays constitution includes a bill of rights that guarantees the rights of each individual in the nation. Having these individual rights is a necessity for todays citizens. Going back in history to 1787 will show that one of the reasons there was controversy in the ratification of the constitution was that it did not include a Bill of Rights. When the drafters promised that as soon as the constitution was ratified, a Bill of Rights would be added, the doubting states proceeded to ratify it. According to Plato and Aristotle, a Bill of Rights is not necessary because it does not improve the good of the community. Another point of discrepancy between the philosophers and todays society involves the topic of slavery. Aristotle argues for the naturalness of slavery in The Politics, yet slavery has been considered grotesque for quite some time. In correlation to slavery, there is the undermining of the female population by Aristotle. Although Plato is a lot less discriminatory, he also believes women are the sub-species. While women have had to fight endless battles to achieve the recognition they deserve, today it is a well accepted fact (generally) that women are as capable as men in performing tasks. Naturally, since Aristotle and Plato have been around for such a long time, our society certainly contains some of their influences in a general sense. For example, today it is believed that certain people are born with certain capacities. Intelligence has been attributed to genetics. Because of the different intelligence levels among people, we have different classesfor example: advanced, intermediate, and beginners. In their appropriate level, each person develops his or her abilities to the highest potential. This concept is sometimes at odds with the ideal of equality, ie. we are all human beings. Yet, in essence, it does not take away from the ideal because we are all humans, but we differ in certain capacity levels to complete tasks. Platos and Aristotles philosophy have helped shape present thought, though, by no means, mandate our practices. The philosophers are very community oriented while we value the individual. Besides differing with todays standards, each philosopher is in his own way distinct. Plato is very attracted to metaphysical philosophy, while Aristotle is much more methodical. Both perspective views are and will continue to puzzle students for years to come.

Functional Behavioral Assessment Example

Functional Behavioral Assessment Example Functional Behavioral Assessment Mitchell Sample is a fifteen year old male student in the tenth grade at Anytown High School. He lives at home with his parents, Mary and Joseph Sample, three older siblings, all male. Mitchell was referred for a functional behavior assessment due to noncompliance with classroom rules and emotional outbursts he exhibits within the school setting. These outbursts have resulted in his periodic removal from the regular education classroom setting. His behavior and consequent removal from class is affecting his academic performance. He is failing all his classes with the exception of Art II and PE. Kerr maintains that a functional behavior analysis â€Å"contribute to more effective interventions.† For this reason an FBA is needed to determine the function of the behavior and how to establish a plan that will redirect the target behavior in to the proper direction. Background Information consisting of parent interviews and review of permanent records indicate that Mitchell was initially referred for special education and related services when he was eight years old due to low academics and behavioral concerns. He was found ineligible for services and has attended a general education classes ever since. He has remained in general education environment since the time. Mitchell has a history of struggling academically. He is demonstrating noncompliant behavior by not turning in assignments and ignoring teaching requests and commands. Recently, he has started exhibiting emotional outbursts which causes a removal from the regular education setting. These outbursts interfere with his education as well as the education of other students in the class. Description of Assessment Methods Direct Observations of performance for three hours across six settings which included World History class, English 10 class, Algebra 1 class, art class, lunch and hall pass time. Teacher Interviews utilizing a variation of the Functional Assessment Interview Form. Educational records review, including child teacher support team file. Functional Assessment Results Kerr and Nelson (2010) point out that â€Å"educators are required to conduct an FBA when persistent behavioral concerns exist (FBA is commonly a part of the pre-referral and referral activities, and IEP development, review, and revision for misbehaving students) they are also required by law to conduct it within 10 days of any singular offense by a student with a disability that is punishable by:removal to an Interim Alternative Educational Setting† (Kerr, 2010). A functional assessment of behaviors of concern was conducted for this report using indirect (interviews) and descriptive (structured observation) methods. A topographical definition of the behaviors of concern was developed from interviews and then the behaviors of concern were observed utilizing a momentary time sampling. The antecedents, functions and consequences were then analyzed for this report based on recommended research standards in order to develop a hypothesis for the reasons for the behavior. A-B-C CHART Antecedent Behavior Consequence World History: Demands placed on Mitchell in classroom. Mitchell talks and ignores teacher instructions. Teacher repeats instruction while asking Mitchell to comply with the request. Teacher initiates classroom transition. â€Å"Turn in your warm up and take out your study guide for review.† Mitchell says, â€Å"I don’t have my study guide† and then turns to talk to peer. Teacher asks Mitchell to stop talking, and then asks him specifically to turn in his warm up. Teacher gives copy of study guide to Mitchell, and tells him, â€Å"Fill this out as we review answers.† Mitchell tosses paper on desk, and says, â€Å"Yea, right. Doesn’t make any difference if I do it or not. Screw you.† Teacher ignored Mitchell’s comment and started review. Class begins study guide review activity. Mitchell talks to peer as teacher conducts lesson. Teacher requests Mitchell remain quiet while review is going on unless he is answering a question about the review. Teacher gives Mitchell choice of not talking during instruction or going to the hall. Mitchell chooses to go to the hall. Mitchell walks away from class and is written up for being in an unauthorized area. Art class: Mitchell is given clay to work with. Mitchell participates in activity without disrupting class. Mitchell has clay formed and stored for use for next class period. Algebra 1 class: Teacher asks class to get out their assignment to be checked. Mitchell is talking to peer and does not comply. Teacher ignores Mitchell’s talking and Mitchell does not work on his assignment. English 10: Mitchell is asked to remain silent and get his assignment out to pass in. Mitchell replied, â€Å"I don’t have the damn assignment.† . Mitchell is written up for insubordination and inappropriate use of language Description of Behavior (1) Emotional Outbursts: Data Collection: Data were collected in five minute time sample recordings using a partial interval recording. A positive interval of this behavior was recorded if the behavior occurred at any time during the five minute interval. Data are reported using percentage of positively scored intervals. Data Collection Outcome: This behavior was observed on two occasions once during English 10 and twice during World History. On the first occasion, the behavior occurred for 12 out of the 30 minute intervals. On the second occasion, the behavior occurred for 10 out of the 30 minutes intervals. (2) Noncompliant behavior Data Collection: Using the five minute time sample, this behavior occurred in three settings. On the first occasion the behavior occurred for 15 of the 30 minutes. On the second occasion, the behavior occurred during the entire 30 minutes. On the third occasion, the behavior occurred for 10 of 10 minutes. Antecedent Analysis In an antecedent analysis, one tries to identify the events, situations and circumstances that set the occasion for a higher likelihood of the behavior and those that set the occasion for a lower likelihood. Analysis of these variables allows a more specific intervention as well as identification of environmental mediators to more fully assess the maintaining variables (Scott, T., Anderson, C., Spaulding, S., 2008). Based on the functional assessment interviews and structured observations, the emotional outbursts behavior can occur during any instructional class period (Scott, T., Anderson, C., Spaulding, S., 2008). It is reported that this behavior usually occurs when the teacher makes a request for Mitchell follow class procedures or produce classwork. During the structured observations, Mitchell exhibited this behavior during English 10 instruction after the teachers request for the assignment was made. During World History, Mitchell did not have his homework and continued to ta lk even when the teacher specifically requested he remain quiet during instructional time. Function of the Behaviors The functions of these behaviors produce attention, escaping the assigned task, and being removed from the classroom. In Mitchell’s situation, the function of his behavior appears to be avoiding academic classwork. References Kerr, M., Nelson, C. M. (2010). Strategies for addressing behavior problems in the classroom  (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Scott, T., Anderson, C., Spaulding, S. (2008). Strategies for developing and carrying out  functional assessment and behavior intervention plans. Preventing School Failure, 52(3),  39–50. Retrieved from the Walden Library using the Education Research Complete  database: http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ehhAN=32013629site=ehost-livescope=site

Study On Charismatic Leadership Management Essay

Study On Charismatic Leadership Management Essay Introduction Nowadays, managing people is a common issue on all type of businesses but it is important. To effectively and efficiently leading the personnel in the organization without wasting intellectual capital or the companys resources is the ideal that organizations want to achieve. In our research, we attempt to clarify the correlation between the charismatic leadership and the organizational change. Charisma is the extraordinary ability that a person possesses naturally and let them able to influence people, attract their attention and admiration. Charismatic leadership is the type of leadership which make people admire and willing to follow them. Charismatic leader is a person who is dominant, self-confident, convinced of the moral righteousness of his beliefs, and able to arouse a sense of excitement and adventure in followers. According to Max Weber, Charismatic leader has a fire that ignites followers energy and commitment, which produce results beyond the call of duty. Thus, he had the ability to inspire and motivate people. There are several qualities of Charismatic leadership: Lofty visions Ability to understand and empathize Empowering and trusting subordinates Proactive, high energy and action orientation Everything is changing except the status quo of change. Every individuals, every things, could not running out of the scope of change. Similarly to organization, changes will always affects every part of the companies include their business, their environment, their people and so on. The Objective of this report is to enhance the leading style of charismatic leadership on the organizational change. Besides, improve the organization to adapt to the changes of environment, and the organization growth through globalization. Content Analysis From the study, the researchers found that the followers who rated their leaders as charismatic also reported being open and accepting the changes occurring in their organization. Specifically, followers of charismatic leaders were much more open to their work-roles changes and had a positive outlook on the benefits of the changes to their organization. Given the nature of organizational change and the pervasiveness of employee resistance to change, this finding suggests that charismatic leadership behaviours may engender follower attitudes and beliefs that promote rather than resist organizational change. Besides, a necessary ingredient of successful organizational change is leadership behaviour capable of overcoming resistance to change by causing followers to experience a felt need for the proposed changes. Indeed, the results suggest that charismatic leadership behaviours, including the ability to powerfully articulate an inspiring vision and communicate to followers a sense of ownership of the vision, may affect followers openness to organizational change and perceptions of leadership effectiveness. (Kevin, 2005, p. 19) In conclusion, the effectiveness of the charismatic leadership will influence the followers behaviour. From the study, the researchers found that the both of the visionary and expressive delivery components of charismatic leadership can influence follower task performance. The expressive delivery includes having energy, leaning toward followers, maintaining direct eye contact, having a relaxed posture, and exhibiting animated facial expressions. Second, they also found that the extent to which each of these components affects the follower task performance is dependent on the type of tasks in which followers are engaged. They suggested that organizations should consider the importance of performance quantity versus quality in their decision to select or promote a charismatic leader or non-charismatic leader. For example, if performance quality is much more important than quantity, the use of charismatic vision might be especially relevant. Regarding task type, charismatic leaders in non-charisma-conducive jobs or industries might be encouraged to adopt a contingent-reward or structuring style of leadership rather than focusing on the communication of a charismatic vision to followers. When followers are in a more charisma conducive job or industry, leaders should communicate a vision to followers to improve followers task performance. In addition, a charismatic vision may provide meaning to the task, which can add to followers motivation. Under these conditions, followers might work to get the task done right, resulting in high quality rather than simply working to get the task done. A lack of vision for followers could, therefore, translate into very poor performance on more difficult tasks. (Stefanie Robert, 2008, p. 102) Charismatic leader Work Engagement OCB In the diagram above, it is the combination of the four hypotheses. Four of the hypotheses are all links with each other. Work engagement is a mediator which is likely an intermediary trying to find solution and between the two disagreement of two parties (charismatic leader and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour-OCB). OCB is defined as individual behaviour that is discretionary. The relationship between charismatic leaders is also closely related. As OCB discuss mainly about the organization behaviour, it will also reflect charismatic leadership. Since charismatic leaders can spark an employees engagement in work, it will lead to more participation in positive behaviours that promote the organization. In the journal Toward a Behavioural Theory of Charismatic Leadership in Organizational Settings, there are some significant variables discussed. The term charisma here refers to the particular type of character by follower and leaders behaviour. First, the behavioural and nature of the charismatic leader can be determined by doing empirical test. The method can through questionnaire to identify it. Then, they can use the result to compare with the person to find out that whether he is a charismatic or non charismatic leader. Second, after determining charismatic leader, it can be use as a tool to change the organization. A charismatic leader may not only key to success of an organization but also vital to countries that are developing which may require to adopt new technologies and transform traditional way of operating. From the study of Workgroup gender diversity-asymmetric among men and women, the need of charismatic leadership is generated from a situation of uneasiness and uncertainty created in context of weak social diversity. For example, increasing levels of gender diversity comes with lower levels of pro-social behaviour where the behaviour that is beyond the requirements of the job, higher levels of conflict, lower levels of friendliness, and lower levels of job-related satisfaction and self-esteem. This situation brings indefinite and doubtful social circumstance when role expectations are less clear. The reason of these negative effects of gender heterogeneity comes from similarity-attraction paradigm, which is people with similar attitudes are attracted among themselves, in contrast, distrust and discomfort could occur when dissimilarity of attribute in group are happened. In the circumstance of gender heterogeneity, tendency of needs of charismatic leadership is greater than in homogen eous group or attribution of charisma is lower in homogeneous group than in heterogeneity group. Meanwhile, the hypotheses are made based on the journal. Hypothesis said that as the level of gender diversity increases in the work team, individual members would attribute higher levels of charismatic leadership to their elected leader and the result are partially supports this hypothesis. So, as expected, the higher the gender diversity, the higher the needs of charismatic leadership to their elected leader. Besides, they also made a hypothesis that the positive effect of gender diversity on individual charismatic relationship with the leader will be stronger for men than for women. The result shown that, it may happen when teams are formed in major; minor or a balanced condition. From the journal of Team climate, work team members tend to share their mood at work, so called team affective climate that related to job satisfaction, commitment, and performance of the workers. Related with the climate, team leaders need to play an important role in influencing individuals different dimensions and modelling the group climate. The key is leaders with charisma, which can strongly influences the work-team effects, such as performance and other intangible aspects. In fact, charismatic leadership is said to be the result of an attribution based on followers perception of their leaders behaviour, specifically behaviours that articulate and help build a positive vision and foster an impression of the importance of the followers mission. Hence, leader with charisma is said to have an important implication of building team affective climate and they need to articulate a constructive affect that results in a positive affect facing by followers. From the study, they had made few hypotheses. First, they posit that higher levels of perceived leaders charisma will predict higher levels of team optimism whereas higher levels of perceived leaders charisma will predict lower levels of team tension. As the result, team optimism and charisma leaders are correlated meanwhile lower levels of team tension cannot create by charisma leaders. Besides that, they also hypothesizes that Leaders influence will make the positive relationship between leaders charisma and team optimism stronger; at the same time, leaders influence will make the negative relationship between leaders charisma and team tension stronger. The result shown that, both hypotheses are supported by their findings. Lastly, they had made guesses that more frequent leaders interaction will make the positive relationship between leaders charisma and team optimism stronger and negative relationship between leaders charisma and team tension stronger. After they had processed th eir findings, the result showed that both guesses are not correct. From the study of Political Connection: The Missing Dimension in Leadership, Strong Networks cans Supplement Other Leadership Deficiencies. While, Larry Chasteen, the PhD holder state out that many people will think leadership is just a part of the business. It is a key ingredient for successful firm, making profit or non profit and even using in the countries. They have examines in the combination of traits to find out the change in organization behaviour in the organization. Some even use more than three of the traits such as emotional intelligence versus intellectual quotient or charismatic leadership versus instrumental leadership. The Classical Myers Briggs has made a classification on uses the four dimensions. There are physics notes that more dimension will lead to confusing from explaining our original traits. This article just focus on leadership :charismatic leadership instrumental leadership and political connections .These three tools can be use as a tool for self-assessment .It has combine the attributes of leaders , managers and networking. The research showing a charismatic leader is not enough to change the organization in long term as it can wear off easily .The instrumental leadership has been include the strength of charismatic leadership. It will lay over through structuring , controlling and rewarding to give out support for achieving the organization final goal .Charismatic leadership is needed to generate the initial energy and to create commitment. Many government and industry leaders who uses charismatic and instrumental leadership have fail to make changes to the organizations. For example, Colin Powell has exhibit a great charismatic and instrumental that serve him exceptionally well during his early career. But because of his lack of political support, he has been hindered of accomplishment and legacy as a U.S. Secretary of State. However, Condoleezza have a political connections led to a longer-lasting accomplishments at the Department of State. As a fact, General Electric has passing by such a leadership matrix to allow more variation in selected parameters for company decisions. In a great changing of an organization, charismatic is not enough to achieve an effective institutional re-organization. It requires both the charismatic and instrumental leadership as well with political powers to move on to the higher position. A good political connection can overcome the weakness of the leadership and bring strength in any firms and government offices. Make sure you are clear enough on which goals are most important and for the organization are the first steps to career advancement. From the study of Charismatic Leadership: A Phenomenological and Structural Approach The author of this journal propose that the most direct impact of the visionary charismatics characteristics is on the perceptions and feelings of the followers. Their interpretative schemes and what flows from them purposefully, emotionally and motivationally. Intrinsic and extrinsic validity are experienced whenever perceptions and feelings are congruent with behaviour is congruent with consequences. Changes in follower perceptions, feelings or behaviour in the consequences of that behaviour therefore could establish the necessary conditions for phenomenological validity to be experienced. The direct impacts of leader behaviour on the feelings of followers will an indirect impact on the followers. As an example, when leaders changes task or environmental variables, which hypothesized to affect internal and external correspondence such as task design, reward systems, and organizational structure. There are some proposition consists in charismatic leadership. Proposition is that it believes that it must be based on the articulation of an ideological goal. The writers may not fully agree as in crisis situation, ideological is too restrictive to be broadening to include the cognitions, values and need structures. Propositions 2 will lets he followers experiencing the leaders and others behaviours as well as their own. Propositions 3 to 8 primarily concern factors that influence whether cognitions and feelings and behaviours will be high on internal correspondence and will be experienced by the followers as intrinsically valid. Propositions 9 to 15 is concern about the primarily thought to affect external correspondence. The implication of the writer model is that charismatic effect may not be limited to a few who are endowed with exceptional gifts or supernatural qualities. They imply that charismatic effect may be widespread. They feel that their model invites an understanding of meaning, reasons motivations, and intentions as it seeks explanatory connections between formal structural arrangements and behaviour. From the study of The role of emotional intelligence and personality variables on attitudes toward organizational change People-oriented research in organizational change explored issues of charismatic or transformational leadership, the role of top management in organizational change and the phenomenon of resistance to change, without considering the psychological traits or predispositions of individuals experiencing the change, which are equally crucial for its success. Nevertheless, they argued that individual difference variables, such as locus of control, positive affectivity, openness to experience and tolerance for ambiguity play an important role in employees work attitudes (e.g. organizational commitment, satisfaction) as well as they predict self and supervisory assessments of coping with change. King and Anderson (1995) also indicated the role of individual differences along with previous bad experiences of change as responsible for high levels of negative attitudes and re sistance to change. It shows that there is correlation between charismatic leaderships role perception, personality and organisational change. From the study of Beyond the Charismatic Leader: Leadership and Organizational Change By: David A. Nadler Michael L. Tushman While the subject of leadership has received much attention over the years, the more specific issue of leadership during periods of change has only recently attracted serious attention. What emerges from various discussions of leadership and organizational change is a picture of the special kind of leadership that appears to be critical during times of strategic organizational change. While various words have been used to portray this type of leadership, we prefer the label charismatic leader. It refers to a special quality that enables the leader to mobilize and sustain activity within an organization through specific personal actions combined with perceived personal characteristics. There are three types of behaviour that categorises these leaders. They are envisioning, energising and enabling. In envisioning, it involves the creation of a picture of the future, or of a desired future state with which people can identify and which can generate excitement. By creating vision, the leader provides a vehicle for people to develop commitment, a common goal around which people can rally, and a way for people to feel successful. It is then easier to achieve the new organisational goals. Energising means that the role of leaders to motivate members in the organisation. Different leaders engage in energizing in different ways, but some of the most common include demonstration of their own personal excitement and energy, combined with leveraging that excitement through direct personal contact with large numbers of people in the organization. They express confidence in their own ability to succeed. They find, and use, successes to celebrate progress towards the vision. Las tly, enabling is where the leader psychologically helps people act or perform in the face of challenging goals. Charismatic leaders demonstrate empathy-the ability to listen, understands, and shares the feelings of those in the organization. They express support for individuals. Because of this, people tend to be motivated in achieving their goals when there is change in the organisation. From the study Journal of ERP Implementation lifecycle, it revealing the changes made by the charismatic leadership. Charismatic leadership is an exemplary type of leadership that shows significant relationship to the level of ERP assimilation. Environmental sensitivity of a charismatic leader will lead the organization change and make significant improvement to the organization since he is able to diagnose and update himself to the internal and external environment. Communication of the leaders vision is significantly important it will influence and lead his follower to align the vision with the organization and make the organization growth stronger and change accordingly to the leaders vision. Expectation of leader also will indicate a positive outcome from his follower and organization. According to Self-fulfilling prophecy, positive expectation from a leader will create a positive desired result from his followers. It shows that, the complete guide and influences of the vision from a leader toward his followers, will affect them to be motivated and collaborated to help in achieving the vision of the leader. Furthermore, complete guide and influences of the vision from a leader toward his followers, will make them to be motivated and collaborated themselves that help in achieving the vision of the leader. Similarly caring of the leader will make the followers feel more supported and secure and trust to the leader. Besides, it also builds confident to the followers. If the leader is trusted and respected by his followers, his followers are more likely to follow and help the leader to achieve his vision. Therefore, the followers do not mind to work hard for achieving the organization vision and thus the organization change and performance increase. Cohesiveness from the follower shows changes in organizational norms and culture. It shows that a positive norms and culture such as organizational citizenship behaviour. Thus, the cohesiveness of the follower will indicate changes in organizational norms and culture, if this type of positive norms and culture stay longer; the growth of the organization will be undoubtedly fast. It shows that a leaders charismatic leadership is significantly related to organizational change and all level of ERP implementation lifecycle. Conclusion: In our research there are significant relationship between Charismatic leadership and Organisational Change. Firstly, it shows that a Charismatic leadership behaviour is an exemplary or model for his followers which enable and capable for overcoming the constraints for organisational change. It drives the followers to learn from many aspect of the charismatic leader. Significantly, the behaviour of the leader creates organisational citizenship behaviour toward the employees that allow them to take good care about the organisation image and the internal environment. Similarly to the norms of working of employees, it is also creating a working culture and work standard that improving the performance in an organisation. Secondly, the role perception of a Charismatic leadership is significant important as well as the personal meaning for the leadership. It influences their follower understand of their role and this will incur the organisational change. Form this aspect, it shows that if the leader able to give motivation, support and cheer the work of employees will smoothen the organisational changing process. Thirdly, the relationship and collaboration among group, team and the charismatic leadership also will indicate significant changes in the organisation performance and organisational culture. Similarly to the workgroup diversity, the strong and cohesiveness workgroup will indicate high performance culture that makes the organisation have high sustainability where the entire organisation culture can aligns with the organisational performance. Lastly, good attribution from charismatic leadership such as environmental sensitivity, persuasive communication, and unconventional vision will foster and lead the changes in the organisational environment. Recommendation Unconventional styles used by charismatic leader will often create the undesired conflicts among the colleagues in the organisation as changing the status quo of works. Therefore the charismatic leader had to consider the others feelings and try to make them follow and align with his vision even if he is able to take the accountability and risk by himself. Morals are often covered up by the deficiencies of wisdom. However, wisdom is not always filled up by morals. This is referring to the negative charismatic leadership. Some charismatic leaders tend to use the leadership style for their own personal gain and thus neglect the moral values. In order to manage change in the organization efficiently, charismatic leaders must put the organizations interest above his personal interest. Being a charismatic leader gives an advantage to him because he may influence others in the organization to follow his bidding and if it is against the organizations interest, it will be very much unhealthy to it. That is the reason why charismatic leaders should have strong moral values in them. Besides that, organizations should also encourage whistle blowing in the company. This can help reduce the negative charismatic leadership from expanding in the organization. When an organization is facing with changes, it will be chaotic and this will give chances to charismatic leaders to do under the table exchanges. By encouraging such behaviour among employees, executives are able to keep most charismatic leaders under control from influencing others for personal gain. Charismatic leaders should also make contingency plans. This serves as a backup plan when the original plan fails to work. During a change, charismatic leaders may be responsible to keep followers in track and to maintain order. This needs the leaders to come out with more plans to keep followers motivated into accepting the change. Some employees tend to resist change and so the charismatic leaders must form plans and considering the scenarios that may happen so that it will make him or her influence them to accept the changes. In addition, during a huge crisis, these charismatic leaders must think conventionally and behave unconventionally. During a change, things will be hectic and many problems may arise or perhaps conflict may happen among followers. Leaders need to think rationally on how to handle this kind of situation and not just simply jump into it and create even more confusion. Charismatic leaders should also come up with strategies to minimize the resistance of followers to the change. Many followers tend to resist change because they think that it is going to mess up their normal routine. As a leader, charismatic leaders need to come up with ways to persuade these types of followers to accept the change instead of going against it in order to reduce the conflict that might have arise if it is not handled properly.

Macbeth, Analysis Of Come You Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act I, scene V, lines 44-45)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Macbeth, William Shakespeare writes this passage in order to shape the character of Lady Macbeth. Using only this line, the reader can almost determine Lady Macbeth’s personality and her motives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Up to the point where this quote leaves off, we have not heard much of Lady Macbeth. When she receives the letter from Macbeth, it seems her fascination is not directed at her husband, but at her husband’s newly attained power. It is evident that the first impression of Lady Macbeth is negative. Without wasting any time, she begins to plan Duncan’s death and assumes responsibility of the situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first line Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Come, you spirits.† Already we have a dark image of her conjuring up evil spirits. She does not seem a bit intimidated by the spirits she is calling. Her tone of voice suggests she is almost commanding the spirits to help her carry out her plan. William Shakespeare intentionally attached this phrase in the beginning of the sentence, so that the reader sees Lady Macbeth as more of an evil character, which in her own way conjures evil spirits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first part of the second line Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"That tend on mortal thought.† Literally, it means that she wants the evil spirits that wait on thoughts of murder or death to come to he...

Economics: Keynes vs. Hayek Essay -- Keynes vs. Hayek, 2014

The past few years the United States has seen some rough economic times.   The unemployment rate is extremely high and many people have lost their homes and businesses.   Because there are so many factors in an economy, it is hard to find the right people to blame.   The protest group â€Å"Occupy Wall Street† has come to the conclusion that corporations are making us poor through taking advantage of us and the governmental system.  Ã‚   The share of income going to the top one percent of Americans has increased dramatically over the past few years and â€Å"Occupy Wall Street† is outraged.   They are calling for increased governmental regulation so that the lower quintile Americans can gain some equality (Cesca).     I wonder who is actually at fault.   Is it actually this top one percent who have been hurting us or some other factor?   Maybe the government has created the problem. A good way to approach it is to take a step back and look at the philosophy of economics.   From learning about classical economic theory, modern dilemmas, specifically â€Å"Occupy Wall Street,† may be easier to solve.   There are two main theories on economics and how a society should run.   The classical theory is that of the British economist, John Maynard Keynes.  Ã‚   The other, less popular theory is from the Austrian economist, Friedrich August Hayek.   These two highly respected economists did most of their important work in the mid-20th  century. (Cochran and Glahe 69). John Maynard Keynes classical approach to economics and the business cycle has dominated society, especially the United States.   His idea was that government intervention was necessary in a properly functioning economy.   Ã‚  One economic author, John Edward King, claimed of the theory that: Keynes believed tha... ...itical Economy  26.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1994): 69-94. Print.    Papola, John. â€Å"Fight of the Century: Keynes vs. Hayek Round Two† – YouTube.  YouTube –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Broadcast Yourself.  Web. 29 Oct. 2011.    Friedman, Milton.  Capitalism and Freedom.  [Chicago]: University of Chicago, 1962.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Print    King, J. E. â€Å"Keynes and ‘Psychology’.†Ã‚  Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economics and Policy  29.1 (2010): 1-12. Print.    Maiello, Michael. â€Å"Keynes vs. Hayek Debate Rages With OWS and Tea Party.†Ã‚  The Daily Beast. 29 Oct. 2011. Web. 06 Nov. 2011    Roberts, Russ. â€Å"Occupy Wall Street and Washington’s History of Financial Bailouts | Foreign   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affairs.†Ã‚  Home | Foreign Affairs. 21 Oct. 2011. Web. 06 Nov. 2011.      Rosenberg, Alex. â€Å"Rosenberg on the Nature of Economics.† Interview. Audio blog post.  EconTalk. ITunes, 26 Sept. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2011.

Analysis of the short story Essay

`This essay will discuss certain reaction to the story ‘Examination day’, as well as reviewing the lifestyle and world Dickie lives in. The Jordan family are not rich but they are part of the working class society. The accommodation is quite small, they’re ‘little apartment’ is described in line 21: ‘The boy †¦ wandered to that part of the living room which had been ‘his’ from infancy. ’ This shows that things have not changed in terms of housing since he was young and probably their wealth has not increased as much as they would have liked. In the ‘little apartment’ Mrs Jordan mentioned ‘the Exam’ which was why the tension was quite high in the room. ‘The Exam’ is the ‘Government intelligence test they give to children at the age of twelve. ’ This examination was to make sure that there is no-one clever enough to overrule the current government. This test shows an example of what a dictator ruled government is like. This government is a totalitarian government in terms of not wanting to lose power or authority of any sort. These citizens are stuck in an unwanted dictatorship. The examination room was just as restricted as the lives they lead. The room was very dim which represents amount of information they know about the world and their current government. Also in Dickie’s eyes the room doesn’t look very inviting or welcoming even if it was an examination room. Although Dickie could not really see the ‘gray-tunicked attendant’ he knew that this was a very serious matter. The dimness of the room also shows the secretiveness of the government and how much they want their citizens to know. On the day of Dickie’s examination his parents’ were very anxious to see whether or not their son was allowed to come home or not; there were ‘†¦ not speaking, not even speculating. ’ They were so apprehensive that when the phone rang they both tried to reach for it. This shows that they had a feeling that things were not going to work out perfectly for them. When Mr Jordan answered the phone to the ‘Government Educational Service’ he was told that his son’s ‘†¦intelligence quotient has exceeded the Government regulation. ’ This information was a shock to Mr Jordan that even his wife had read the expression of disappointment on his face. The government had announced that Dickie was going to die because he had breached the ‘intelligence quotient’. This shows that the government are too scared to let the clever people live their own lives or even work for them at their young age. This shows that the dictator is not as strong as he portrays himself to be. This shows that he is insecure and that if anyone clever was around he would probably crumble from having lack of authority. I think that the Jordan family live in a completely totalitarian world where they have no freedom to do what they like when they feel like it; unless they are in their own home. Their dictator is too worried about anyone overruling him; he feels the need to get rid all of the clever citizens to be secure in his position. This shows that this dictator is too unsecure to be head of the government. He needs to step aside and let someone else do the job properly.

Family Planning Methods

TOPIC: COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE ACCEPTANCE OF MODERN FAMILY PLANNING AMONG HAUSA, YORUBA, AND IGBO IN AGEGE COMMUNITY, LAGOS STATE. ABSTRACT The study will be carry out to get a comparative study on the acceptance of modern family planning among Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo’s in Agege community, lagos. 150 respondents will be needed for the study, 50 respondents from each settlement. The target group for this research will be women of child bearing age. Data will be collated, analyse, by using descriptive statistics and Chi square to test for the hypothesesCHAPTER ONE 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Right from creation, multiplication of man had been as a result of reproduction. However giving birth to young ones is the term associated to this and this is for posterity being the desire of everyone. Through scientific reproductive research over the years, man has evolved knowledge of putting consideration and calculation to population by means of family planning becaus e if this is not in place, man may end up in killing and eating each other as a result of over population in the absence of sufficient resources.Family planning is the process of having children by choice and not by chance that is determining when to have children and the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans. Other stechniques commonly used include sexual education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, preconception, counselling and management. (Etuk S. K and EKanem D. , 2003). Family planning sometimes used as a synonym for the use of birth control, most usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and or to control the timing of pregnancy.Family planning services are defined as educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors to determine freely the number, spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achiev ed (Royce R. A, 2006) There is no doubting the fact that in today’s reality, raising quality children requires significant amount of resources: time, social, financial and environmental planning can help assure that resources are available else, it would be another potential additional threat to the parent and society at large.This is the essence of family planning (Paine et al, 2001) Experts have always insisted that waiting until the mother is at least 18years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health. Also, if additional children are desired after a child is born; it is healthier for the mother and the child to wait at least 2years after the previous birth before attempting to conceive (but not more than 5years).After a miscarriage or abortion, it is healthier to wait for at least 6 months (Delano G. 1990). Osakue S. O (2010) highlighted that Nigeria being the most populous country in Africa with more than 140 million people also has a high annu al rate of population growth (3. 5%) And a high total fertility rate of 6. 0 live births per women. Additionally, the country has relatively high levels of infant mortality of 104 infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Migrant workers Essay

Migrant workers apparently come from poor countries and have been living in tough financial situation, thus they choose to work as maids outside their countries hoping they would find a solution for their crisis. However, this situation is getting more serious and controversial than before, the rate of domestic workers committing suicide is increasing. what households seek in Lebanon is not to help but slaves to serve them, and these maids go through hard work and mistreatment. We hear a lot of maids who escape and we read a lot in the press about the crimes committed by the maids, but we do not ask ourselves why all of this is happening? The answer is linked on how the householder treats her maid, which in the matter of time the maid might commit a suicide and get her revenge. people are treating maids as animals, not realizing that they also have feelings and lives to live. Maids also have their rights just like any other person; violence or yelling at them is not the solution this may lead them to escape since they are not machines that can get all your work done at the same time. People should wake up and stop treating them such a way; they are still human that needs to be taken care of instead of treating them bad. They are here to help the house holder; their wasted rights should be defended as people should be punished for what they are doing. Forgin workers comes from a poor background and she does not know so much about the technology and how to use electronic appliances, therefore the householder should train and explains for her the instructions how to use these technological appliances instead of shouting and beating her. When the maid starts working the householder should teach her gently and calmly, she could be ignorant, does not know how to read and write, and not educated enough so she needs time to understand what she should do. Trading companies are the one who provide households with domestic workers in order to help them with their everyday life issues, such as cleaning and taking care of kids, that parents usually do not have time for it. Workers coming from poor countries do not mind working and taking such tasks in order to afford enough money for their families back in their home country. The problem starts to rise when owners begin to abuse these workers and forbid them from rights, such as the rights of privacy or maintaining their good health or giving them a day off to rest. Thus, the maids start to disobey their owners and even sometimes create other problems such as creating chaos and misbehaving. In this case owners become extremely  abusive and strict, to a point where the workers do not have any other choice than to commit suicide in case they forbid them to go outside the house. The first right that should be taken into consideration is to enable them to contact their parents, provide adequate housing, and provide the necessary requirements. This type of behavior can even affect the children whom they might have some affection left for the worker. Parents are children’s model of behavior, especially when they are at a young age therefore they imitate whatever their parents do, and start on their own abuse the maids whether physically or intellectually, such as verbal abuse. This might also add to their burden of being abused, even by children. These are the main factors that push them to the edge of killing themselves. Few mothers took this step and others followed and with time, however, need was not the only factor that led to the increase of the number of domestic migrant workers. Apparently we find one or two maids in some homes, houses are cleaner, sinks are empty and laundry is ironed but children are heartless and Lebanese-less. And when love is not received, it cannot be shown. Patriotism taught usually by mothers is getting extinct with time as they no longer discuss patriotic topics with their children due to lack of time. In addition, domestic workers who suffer from migration and their long distance stay, feel more attached to their home country. Both facts are negatively reflected on children; these factors also contribute in their everyday pressure are the oppression and abuse of their rights. Another shocking factor, when the boss of the house tries to have a sexual intercourse with the maid. Maids are not slaves, they keep working all day and night and finally when the employee of t he house finds out what happen she fire her and put her in jail saying that she stole something from her stuff. These maids are working to escape the extreme poverty in which they suffer in their own countries they must have some have someone who fights for their rights and needs since maids are not getting their full rights. The best way to avoid the problems suffered by the female migrant workers is to educate them about their rights safeguard and the dignity of humanity. As a conclusion maids are being exposed to frustration or deprived of achieving their goals or satisfies their needs. The poverty and the need of money has been subjected to injustice, this reflects the majority of committing suicide. Maids must have their rights and obligations. Lebanese society  should learn how to treat these women and they must appreciate and respect what they are doing, thus they should put in mind that these maids come from poor village and they do not know how to deal with new equipments; this is the responsibility of the house holder. Eventually, these maids are human beings just like any other person; they must get their full rights, needs, and they should be treated in a good and polite way. We should not forget that we all work to earn money and living and they also work for the same reasons, but the difference is in the level of education. They are removing the hard work and dirt so their work must be appreciated.

Pop Art and Mass Media Essay

Alloway views pop art as a form of tool that was used to break the hegemony of elitist aesthetic standards that had been set over the years and that had defined art. In a sense, pop art could be seen as a democratization of art just as in the area of governance the advent of democracy in modern society broke the power of absoluteness wielded by the monarchy and its aristocracy. Alloway is of the opinion that though population explosion and the industrial revolution in Europe during the era of the Enlightenment had a seismic effect in transforming society, this transformation had been lacking in the field of art as traditional ideas still persisted. In effect these traditional ideas became a limitation on the development of art. Consequently, having pastoral and elitist conceptions about art prevents an art critic, for instance, from appreciating art forms emanating from the mass media. The mass media and pop art present an artistic relationship where themes and expressions of pop art are easily discerned as offshoots of the mass media. Andy Warhol’s John Wayne Silkscreen – 1986 (figure 1 beneath) is a typical example of artistic expression based on a popular theme/personality in the mass media. Again Andy Warhol’s Triple Elvis – 1963 (figure 2 beneath) shows the intersection between mass media and pop art. In both the John Wayne Silkscreen and the Triple Elvis, popular personalities in the movies (and in popular music i. e. ith regards to Elvis) patronized by the masses are depicted holding guns in typical Western movie fashion. The persistence of pop art that draws its themes and expressions from the urban instead of the conventional and pastoral, and from the mass media/popular urban culture as against the artistic standards of the minority elite, signifies the demise of elitist definitions and standizations of art. The process of change in the fine arts as compared to the mass arts is however mitigated due to the fact that the fine arts have traditionally been invested with the ‘duty’ of being the repositories of cherished societal values. Thus change or acceptance of change in the expression of the fine arts comes with the added hurdle of having to deal with time-bound values. The mass arts on the other hand are easily adaptable and readily responsive to technological changes. Advances in electronics have for instance changed the cinemas, TV and radio in the way they films, serials and programmes are presented to the audience in a way that appeals to them as consumers. These technological advances spur on consumer centric presentations in the mass arts. The advent colour in cinema and TV for can be seen being replicated in mass printed glossy colour magazines. The ability of the mass arts to also depict fantasy in a way that appeals to audiences can be seen being depicted in popular comic art for example. Just like the examples of John Wayne and Elvis given above, the focus on heroes and personalities (some of them sex symbols) are fantasies in the mass media that audiences readily identify with and these consumer centred fantasies depicted in art become a continuum from the mass media.

Economic philosophies Essay

This paper will focus on the contributions of John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman to economic philosophies. Keynes is considered by many as the most famous and influential economist. Though having that veneration, a number of economists had been in opposition to the Keynesian school of thought. Among the forefront oppositions to the Keynesian economic philosophy is Milton Friedman, along with his accounts on monetarism. In his â€Å"General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,† Keynes laid out the foundations of his framework, which nearly all macroeconomists make use of today. This framework finds its basis on spending and demand, the factors that determine the components of spending, the liquidity-preference theory of short-run interest rates, and the necessity of the government to make strategic but powerful interferences in the economy in order to keep it on balance and avoid the extremes of depression, as well as manic excess (Delong, 2006). Keynes’ theory was said to be incomplete as it only deals with interest employment and money. There was no mention on the theory about prices. Friedman introduced the principles of prices and inflation to Keynes’ framework, based on the idea that there exists a natural rate of unemployment. Friedman also made mention of the limitations of government policies have with regard to the stability of the economy, taking into consideration the trend of its long-run growth. Friedman considered these as limits beyond which an intervention from the government would trigger an inflation of uncontrollable and destructive nature (Delong, 2006). The events that took place during the Great Depression made Keynes and his orthodox followers to underestimate the influence and role monetary policies have in making a viable solution (Delong, 2006). Keynesians are inclined to prefer fiscal policy to monetary policies as a tool to influence production and employment. They believed that money has no direct influence. Moreover, they question the power of monetary policies to influence employment and production (McCain, 2007). The Great Depression was indeed considered to be a unique event in history, which called for explanation in terms of events rather than in pursuit for a new line of economic theory. One of the events that took place during the Great Depression was the failure of the money and banking system. Thus, the Great depression illustrates the influence of changing monetary conditions (McCain, 2007). Keynes and Friedman both agreed on the necessity of a superb macroeconomic management. The private economy, when on its own, might be subjected to unbearable instability and that there is a necessity for a powerful, strategic, but limited intervention coming from the government in order to maintain stability within the economy (Delong, 2006). Though having these ideas in agreement, Friedman had been a staunch opposition to some of Keynes’ economic principles. According to Keynes, the key to maintaining economic stability is to keep government spending and private investments on stable grounds. Friedman, on the other hand, opined that the key to economic stability is keeping money supply, i. e. the amount of purchasing power, which are readily available to be spent by businesses and households stable (Delong, 2006).

The challenge of managing diverse teams Assignment - 2

The challenge of managing diverse teams - Assignment Example The group does leverage on the skills of fellow group members as opposed to the performance of a lone ranger. It is significant to appreciate that nobody owns a monopoly of knowledge. Therefore, the chance of satisfactory execution of duty in a group setting by far exceeds that of a solo attempt, based on the scope of available knowledge. The benefits of a richly varied team are not confined to the technical know-how only. Teams can boost performance by way of pivoting each other emotionally. The incidence of duty and obligations on an individual has more impact on them when they are alone than when in a group setting. Teams lessen the burden and make it appear lighter and manageable. The sense of collective responsibility has an effect of making job demands tolerable and manageable thus less strenuous to the involved parties. In essence, even when the particular tasks are in their true nature draining, diversity of team dynamics is able to diffuse its enormity and reduce it to an ordinary task. According to top management at Ford Motor Company, diversity of their workforce has fuelled sustainability of their long term brand in the turbulent motor vehicle industry (Ford Corporate, n.d.). Given the stiff competition from German and Japanese car makers, Ford still retains its global foothold. The magnitude of the work involved has necessitated the formation of diversified work teams to pool intelligence and create authentic products. A case in hand is in the designing of the cars. Given the global distribution of their clientele, Ford has decided not to narrow down its design experts to a homogenous pool of experts. On the contrary, it has sourced for a more diversified cadre of professionals who are a fair representation of the interests of their clients. There are women, nationals of different countries, lovers of flamboyant cars and others representing other interests. The result of that

Role Of The Ombudsman In The Corporate Setting Research Paper

Role Of The Ombudsman In The Corporate Setting - Research Paper Example To settle disputes that might arise between external constituents and the members under Ombudsman representation. Most employers are actively participating in reducing the litigation risk, by ensuring that they introduce the services of the Ombudsman. They ensure that they have a confidential, neutral, and independent third party to handle any confidential matter. Their purpose is to handle complaints of their employees before they advance to become lawsuits, which might be more costly and time consuming to both the management and the respective employee (Dona, 2011). Most company’s operations are at high risk of collapsing because of increased employee-initiated lawsuits. In relation to the most recent research conducted by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the medium cost in order to settle a discrimination lawsuit and any other complained by employee excluding legal costs is costing most organizations a lot (Edwin, 1989). In most of the situations, company employees are always very reluctant to air out their grievances relating to issues such as discrimination, as well as harassment. It is because of the fear of a possible judgment and prosecution that the company management might impose on an individual (Gershenfeld, 1997). In order to amicably deal with this sort of fear, as well as job insecurity, an ombudsman is an option viewed as a dependable, trustworthy, and risk-free party. Moreover, company employees use it to raise their grievances and at the same time be sure of their job security as well confidentiality. It is in the regard that ombudsman’s role comes into being and includes the following roles: Ombudsman has a major role, which is to act as a Listener (Mauton, 1984). In most cases employees in any given organization who have embraced the system, find it very useful to go the ombudsman way.

Selecting Variables into a Regression Equation Assignment

Selecting Variables into a Regression Equation - Assignment Example and $100,000p.a., Above $100,000), density of population in neighborhood (low, medium, or high). The data comprises of 31 observations for each variable. Using step wise approach to predicting the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables, the correlations between these variables are determined as follows: From the above table, the significant relationships are indicated between number of injuries and parenting status and density of population. There is a positive relationship between number of injuries and parenting status and there is a negative relationship between number of injuries and density of population. Using MS Excel the following regression output is achieved. The regression model is only able to explain 5.8% of the total variations observed in 31 data entries (Kedem & Fokianos, 2002). The above table indicates coefficients of correlation between dependent variable and independent variables. The following regression equation is achieved: From the regression equation, it could be predicted that there is a negative relationship but not significant (p

Research project (body scanning technology) Paper

Project (body scanning technology) - Research Paper Example These body imaging scanners can be found in several areas of the security industry, including in commercial loss prevention and in government buildings that require an extra level of security. However, one of the most popularly discussed usages of the technology is in airports, and in 2010 it was announced that these would be put into use at 28 airports in the United States, including New Yorks JFK and Fort Lauderdale International. The use of these has been defended by the US Homeland Security Secretary, who says that these will severely reduce incidences of smuggling, terrorism and on-flight crime. The following essay will discuss the technology in detail, including full details on the benefits that these machines can bring to the security industry. Following this, the privacy concerns which have been raised will be covered, as will the health issues that have been linked to the machines. Particular focus will be on the privacy concerns that have been dominating the media with rega rds to this technology, as it is a particularly pressing issue for those who feel we may be lapsing into a Big Brother state, as well as those who feel uncomfortable with the use and possible storage of these images. Body scanning technology is based on the principle of the millimeter wave. Most materials used for clothing are transparent when viewed under this frequency of radio band, and images taken by these scanners will therefore show any concealed objects that may not be evident to the naked eye. The scanners come in two forms, known as active and passive. The passive form is one that uses the natural energy emitted from objects, and is generally considered to be as safe as a digital camera for the person being photographed. The active scanners rely on directing these millimeter radio waves at the object and then reading the energy which has been directed back (Laskey, 2010). This