Geography and the Development of Human Civilization Essay Example for Free

Geography and the Development of Human Civilization Essay A. Without argument, the most significant geographic or environmental factor of Ancient Egypt to shape early civilization is the Nile River. The Nile has been referred to as lifes blood for the Egyptian civilization. (Fassbender, 2008). To begin understanding how the Nile River was the greatest factor, one must understand a few facts about the River itself. It starts from two separate sourcesÍ ¾ first the lakes of central Africa, called the White Nile, and second the Blue NileÍ ¾ that comes from the mountains of Ethiopia. The Blue Nile and the White Nile come together and flow northward to the Nile delta, starting the 4,000 mile length of the life blood of EgyptÍ ¾ finally spilling into the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptian climate does not offer much in rainfall, averaging less than 2 inches per year in some areas and non existent in other areas. The early human civilizations were able to farm near the banks of the Nile River with much success compared to the outlying harsh climates of the Sahara and Arabian deserts on both sides of Egypt. Each summer the Nile River would swell as the rain fell and the snow melted in the mountains. Overflowing its banks and lightly flooding the land with fresh water and thick rich deposits of alluvial soil created a land that could yield two harvests before winter (Kreis, 2006)Í ¾ creating an ideal location for early human civilizations to settle and prosper. This flooding of the Nile River did more than create agriculture wealth for the early Egyptians, it also helped create some very early inventions such as the calendarÍ ¾ (Keita, n.d.) created from the expected annual nature of the floods, the end of the second harvest and the 2 winters. The Nile River also gave the people a sense of direction, creating the north, south , east and west concepts we now use. The flow of the Nile is basically south to north and the daily rising and falling of the sun from east to west created a concrete sense of direction for the Egyptians. (Fassbender, 2008). Egypt offered easy access to most of the resources it needed for survival and success which guaranteed the development of a large pop ulation. The promise of a harvest climate, new inventions, security of the deserts on both sides, transportation provided by the river into the sea, the Nile River was the greatest factor creating early civilization for Ancient Egypt. B. Tea is the most popular drink in the world, second only to waterÍ ¾ got its start in China as nothing more than a mere accident and has since traveled the world, started wars, and created millions of dollars for governments and plantation owners. The origin of tea dates back around 4,000 years ago ( History Future  ­ When did people start having tea?, n.d.). According to legend the Chinese Emperor Shen Nong discovered tea in 2737 BC while he was boiling water in the shade of a tree †¦ when a light breeze caused some leaves to fall into the water (Origins of Tea, 2012). The emperor tasted it and thought it was delicious, and so began the tea adventure. At that time, tea was bitter and mostly used for its health properties as a medicine for problems su ch as eyesight and stomach issues. At the end of the fifth century, tea was traded and exported with Mongolian and Turkish merchants. By the eighth century it was exported to far regions like Japan, Central Asia and Tibet. Tea began to spread further west with other foreign traders, missionaries, and ambassadors that were given samples and gifts of it to try and take home for others to try. The first agreement to export and trade tea was between China and 3 Russia. In the mid 1850s, Chinese immigrants heading to Taiwan would bring tea seedlings, tea growing and processing skills and the tea culture with them. In the seventeenth century, green tea was exported into Europe and was mostly used as a medicinal drink due to the bitter taste and the health properties it offered. The Dutch started to buy tea in Japan and China and then shipped it and sold it in France, Germany, and England. The Dutch also introduced tea to New Amsterdam in the 1650s. During this time tea was usually only for the very wealthy because it was so expensive, until the 1750s when it became a more modern drink with more availability for larger gr oups of people. (Saberi, 2010), (Origins of Tea, 2012), and ( History Future  ­ When did people start having tea?, n.d.). In the eighteenth century tea became popular in countries like North America and EuropeÍ ¾ however, China was the only country selling tea to other countries. Chinas tea business was soaring until India stepped into the tea business. When the British started ruling India, they found some tea plants in Assam (found in the North Eastern area of India) and decided that these tea plants had a sweeter taste. Tea plantations started growing in Assam, then Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka), Sumatra, Java and Formosa. It was discovered that the plants in China grew 5 meters shorter in height than those in IndiaÍ ¾ so the tea business naturally shifted there. This was very good for the British because their demand for the drink was huge, creating a huge deficit for them with China. The British government now had the surplus of tea, from the plantations in India (and the areas around there) and the trade agreements with China. The British now sold to other countries, like North America  ­ on ly they levied a sales tax on the tea leaves that they couldnt sale anywhere else and try to sale to the new American coloniesÍ ¾ this was faced with a fierce resistance  ­ known as the Boston Tea Party. (The Spread of Tea from 4 China, 2012). Tea was first created with a leaf in boiling water, then it was dried and steeped, then as the drink was being traded and sold  ­ tea leaves and buds were dried, pressed and packaged for shipping, including bricks of dried, crushed tea leaves. Each time the seedlings were taken to a new climate or country, new flavors were established and new ways of serving the drink were created. For instance, the Chinese sip it from tiny cups, the Japanese whisk it. In America they serve it iced. The Tibetans add butter. The Russians serve with lemon. Mint is added in North Africa. Afghans flavour it with cardamom. The Irish and the British drink it by the gallon with milk and sugar. The Indians boil it with condensed milk. In Australia it is brewed in a billy can (Saberi, 2010). The diffusion of tea may have started as a bitter, medicinal emperors drink, yet it has traveled the world, been raised or farmed in multiple corners of the globe, transformed from a drink for the wealthy to a world ­ wide drink of choice for all classes and races  ­ from bitter to sweet, from medicinal to being a part of the social sceneÍ ¾ including having restaurants, tea rooms, and clubs created just for the enjoyment of those that want a cup of the worlds most popular drinkTea. C1. One of the environmental factors that contributed to the expansion of the United States was the devastating Dust Bowl of the 1930s. The Dust Bowl, also referred to as the dirty thirties, Black Roller or the Black Blizzard, (Buonanduci, 2009 and Baumhardt, 2003) happened when a severe drought in 1930 to 1936 (to 1940 in some areas) caused extreme dust storms over the prairie lands of Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, and the border areas of Colorado and New Mexico. When the dust storms hit, visibility was reduced to a few feet or less and millions of farmland became uselessÍ ¾ the storms caused major ecological and agricultural damage to over 5 100,000,000 acres of farmland (Buonanduci, 2009). In addition to a severe drought, the people had over farmed without needed crop rotation or other farming techniques to prevent erosion which then created the inevitable wide ­spread disaster. This coupled with the Great Depression left the government without a lot of options to help the people of the prairie lands who were suffering from extraordinary financial difficulties. In a span of about five years over 500,000 Americans were forced to flee the area. About half of those people headed west to California where many settled into farming the Central Valley and Los Angeles areas. (Simkin, 1997). In response to the devastation of the Dust Bowl, President Franklin D. Roosevelts first 100 days in office (in 1933), were spent creating government programs designed to restore the ecological balance by encouraging diversified agricultural crop production using tested practices and improved tools (Baumhardt, 2003) The Dust Bowl created expansion of the U.S. when hundreds of thousands moved west to California bringing the lessons learned from farming successes and failures with themÍ ¾ it also contributed to the development of the U.S. as the entire country took the essential agricultural lessons learned and established programs to ensure the same mistakes would not be repeated again. C2. The Irish Potato Famine of 1845  ­ 1849 also contributed to the develop ment and expansion of the United States because of the nearly a million Irish that arrived in the United States (Gavin, 2000). The large number of people helped literally develop our county through the blood, sweat, and tears that hard work and desire brings to those making a home of peace and happiness for their families. In the early 17th century, the Irish were quite dependent on food exported from other 6 countries  ­ mainly the potato from America. However, by the 19th century about a third of Ireland was dedicated to potato farming, turning this into Irelands primary cropthe potato supported massive population expansion within Ireland. Within that time, the population doubled from four million to eight million citizens (Hawkes, 2012). The first report of the potato blight was recorded on August 20, 1845, and by October one ­third of the potato crop was lost to the blight. At first there was still enough food for the Irish people despite the potato blight, the problem for most of those who had the diseased crops was the fact that they didnt have enough money to buy other food. The blight reduced the Irish potato harvest by about 30%. This drastic loss caused many farmers to eat the potato seedlings that they were going to plant in the upcoming year. Now the starving people resorted to slaughtering their pigs and cows to keep from starving through the harsh winter, they also knew they wouldnt have food to feed their starving their animals. The situation in Ireland became grim, by this time the blight wasnt spreading any longer, but the farmers werent planting or harvesting enough potatoes to have enough food to feed the people of their country. Lasting about six years, the Irish Potato Famine had killed over a million people from a combination of starvation and diseaseÍ ¾ causing another million people to migrate to the United States (Smith, 2011), (Gavin, 2000) and (Hawkes, 2012). The Irish immigrants came to America to escape the certain death that they faced there, and for a promised future of the American dreamÍ ¾ however, it was not a welcoming place for many, instead it was a brutally hard, unkind and unwelcoming place for many. Boston might have been the hardest and most cruel place for those coming from Ireland, but New York wasnt that much easier in the end. One of the turning points for the unwelcomed Irish people was the Civil WarÍ ¾ over 140,000 enlisted in the Union Army, while those in the South enrolled in the 7 Confederate ranks (Gavin, 2000) and (Hawkes, 2012). The Irish immigrants provided many laborers needed for the backbreaking work that was needed for the American expansion that was happening at that time. The immigrants saw this move to America as permanent and brought over several hundreds of thousands of Irish immigrants during the following decades (Smith, 2011). Politically the Irish now had the numbers to influence votes, welcome at first or not, the Irish people could no longer be ignored. The Potato Famine started as a deadly killer in Ireland, turning into a large exodus of people immigrating to the United StatesÍ ¾ changing the face of the American laborers and changing who was running and winning political offices. The Anti ­Irish sentiment would be quieted at last when an Irish Potato Famine immigrants descendant was elected President of the United States  ­ President John F. Kennedy was that person. He is the great ­grandson of Patrick Kennedy, a farmer from County Wexford who had left Ireland in 1849 (Gavin, 2000). The Irish are considered the first large group of poor refugees to come to the United States and they paved the way for all the many refugees and immigrants that would follow their footsteps. Today, after years of hard work to overcome numerous amount of obstacles to find freedom, peace and happiness  ­ Americans of Irish descent are the third largest ethnic group in the country. Unfortunately, Ireland stayed a very sad place after the famine for decades. (Gavin, 2000). References Baumhardt, R. L. (2003). USDA  ­ The Official Website for The Conservation and Production Research Laboratory DUST BOWL ERA. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://www.cprl.ars.usda.gov/ Buonanduci, M. (2009, April 27). Dust Bowl. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/151818/ Fassbender, M. (2008, September 11). Physical Geography Ancient Egypt by Michael Fassbender | Humanities 360. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.humanities360.com/index.php/physical ­geography ­ancient ­egypt ­50663/ Gavin, G. (2000). The History Place  ­ Irish Potato Famine. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from 9 http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/famine/ Hawkes, S. (2012, August 28). Fatal Potatoes: The Nineteenth ­Century Irish Potato Famine | US History Scene. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://www.ushistoryscene.com/uncategorized/fatalpotatoes/ History Future  ­ When did people start having tea? (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://humantouchofchemis try.com/when ­did ­people ­start ­having ­tea.htm Irish Potato Famine. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://courses.soomopublishing.com/ Keita, M. (n.d.). Rise of Civilizations and Empires in Mesopotamia. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://history ­world.org/rise_of_civilizations.htm Kreis, S. (2006, October 11). Lecture 3: Egyptian Civilization. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture3b.html Origins of Tea. (2012). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.higgins ­burke.com/About ­Our ­Tea/Pages/Origin ­of ­Tea.aspx PBS (2009, November 15). Video: Surviving the Dust Bowl | Watch American Experience Online | PBS Video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://video.pbs.org/video/1311363860/?starttime=1200000 Saberi, H. (2010). Chapter 2 China. In Tea: A global history (pp. 27 ­41). Retrieved from http://lrps.wgu/provision/8539375 Saberi, H. (2010). Chapter 5 Tea Comes to the West. In Tea: A global history (pp. 85 ­124). 10 Retrieved from http://lrps.wgu/provision/8539375 Simkin, J. (1997, September). The Dust Bowl. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://spartacus ­educational.com/USAdust.htm Smith, A. F. (2011). Potato: A global history. Retrieved from http://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/8539677 The Spread Of Tea From China. (2012, September 13). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://thespreadofteafromchina.blogspot.com/

Essay --

THE JULIA GABRIEL ONLINE MEDIA BRAND VOICE Our brand voice captures our unique personality and shares it with the world. It distinguishes us from the others and informs them of everything we do, everything we write and everything we say. It’s how our audiences hear us and how they remember us, and it’s how we share our bold vision for the future. Good communication is more than what we say; it’s how we say it. While having an online social media presence is exciting, we need to remember that whichever platform we engage our audiences on, it becomes a brand media â€Å"storefront† that is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This constant connectivity makes it more important than ever for us maintain brand standards on social networks, as well as all forms of digital marketing. We need to remember that while interacting in social networks can provide efficient channels to communicate the uniqueness, value and personality of our brand to a very specific audience, there are expectations and responsibilities that Julia Gabriel Centres need to be aware of, to ensure that our brand is protected. The same considerations that apply to our messaging and communications in conventional media still apply in the online social media space. This means engaging our target audience with a consistent brand experience and messaging, that is not only in the right context, but also communicated with the intended voice, look and feel that is consistent with our brand identity. Have fun, but be smart. Use sound judgment and common sense, adhere to the Company’s values, and the same Company policies that you follow in the offline world. BASIC SOCIAL MEDIA GUIDELINES (FACEBOOK ORIENTED) Responsible Engagement While JGE is still exploring social ... ...nd when necessary to maintain conversations. ï‚ § Brainstorm ideas across Centres to decide on appropriate engagement approaches that can be taken out across all the markets ï‚ § Hold regular meetings internally to discuss bi-monthly content plans where new ideas on contests, and activities can be shared and discussed ï‚ § Have an online content approval process in place, particularly for major campaigns such as competitions and promotions to align activities with the brand values and positioning ï‚ § Consider agreeing on a planned content ratio of 60% centralised and 40% localised content for a balance of consistency and spontaneity. Countless conversations take place online every day, and we want our Centres, who are our brand ambassadors, to join those conversations, represent our brand well, and share the optimistic and positive spirit of the JGE group of companies.

Persuasive Essay: Not Allowing Public Smoking

Have you ever been walking down the street and some inconsiderate person has the nerve to blow their cigarette smoke over their shoulder right into your face? Not only is that disgusting but it’s also very disrespectful. As a non-smoker I believe that if you have the right to smoke, then I have the right to not be affected by it. I do not think that smoking in any public place should be allowed. It has a negative effect not only on you, but on those around you, the youth in your community, and the entire environment.According to the American Lung Association, Idaho scored a B in the overall smoke-free air, but they also got 3 F’s in the categories: Tobacco Prevention and Spending, Cigarette Tax, and Cessation. In 2004, Idaho met the Smokefree Air Challenge, which calls on all fifty states to pass laws that prohibit smoking in all public and work places. Idaho’s current laws are that smoking is prohibited in publicly owned buildings and offices, or at public meeti ngs.It is also prohibited in government buildings and public or private elementary or secondary school buildings and most educational facilities (American Lung Association, 2012). I think that it should be banned from any school campus, including the colleges and universities, not just high schools, junior high, and elementary schools. It’s not like second-hand smoking becomes less harmful the more you farther your education. When I was a young kid I remember my friends pretending to be smoking and thinking it was funny. It looked harmless.In the movies the â€Å"bad boys† always had a smoke in their mouth and one behind their ear. Society plays up smoking and portrays it as being okay. It is true that people start smoking for many different reasons: some think it will make them look cool, or fit in with a certain crowd, others start because their family members or friends smoke. Statistics show that about 9 out of 10 tobacco users start before they're 18 years old. (H irsch, MD, 2012) Of course in your teenage years you think you’re invincible or that you’re above the rules and statistics, but you’re not.A leading cause in people starting to smoke is being exposed to it and the thought we put into their heads that it is acceptable in society when it shouldn’t be. If we banned all smoking in public, children and teenagers wouldn’t be as exposed and give into trying it. Second-hand smoke is about just as dangerous to your health as smoking itself is. In reality most of the smoke from the cigarette does not make it all the way into the smoker’s lungs, it escapes into the air and can be inhaled by everyone nearby. The smoke of tobacco contains over 4,000 chemicals and over 50 of them are known for causing cancer.Secondhand smoking is not preventable even though smoking is. 126 million non-smokers are exposed to the smoke either at work or at home. This exposure results in 50,000 deaths in the U. S each year, but that number is only for adults. Between 150,000 and 300,000 children are infected each year with sicknesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis, of that number roughly 10,000 of them are hospitalized. (Karriem-Norwood, MD, 2012) So the next time you light up, remember you’re exhaling not just yours, but somebody else’s life away as well.If we didn’t allow smoking in public it would help reduce the number of smokers there are. It would help people quit because they could not smoke for longer time periods than they are immune to. If you expand the amount of time passing through each smoke consistently it helps the nicotine cravings lessen. But if you really don’t think you can last through a school day it’s not like there aren’t other alternatives to getting the nicotine your body is hooked on such as chewing tobacco, or the nicotine gum.Both of those options are harmless to the people around you and will not result in you intoxicating their bodies too. In conclusion, I don’t think smoking should be allowed publicly because it portrays the wrong message to the youth and is a leading cause in people trying and becoming addicted in the first place. Also because it doesn’t just affect the person smoking, it affects everyone around them and puts others at risk for major health problems.If we didn’t allow smoking in public it would reduce the number of people smoking and better the environment. Citations: American Lung Association. (2012). Slati state information: Idaho. Retrieved from http://www. lungusa2. org/slati/statedetail. php? stateId=16 Hirsch, MD, L. (2012, March). Smoking. Retrieved from http://kidshealth. org/teen/drug_alcohol/tobacco/smoking. html Karriem-Norwood, MD, V. (2012, May 12). Effects of secondhand smoke. Retrieved from http://www. webmd. com/smoking-cessation/effects-of-secondhand-smoke

Restorative Justice Is A Cost Effective Way Of Dealing...

Introduction Restorative justice is an option to the formal criminal justice system which emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior. It can build the criminal law’s moral reliability and validity, which in turn will give the law the ability to gain compliance 377 (Elias., 2016). Although Restorative Justice has many benefits, it is not for everyone in every circumstance. In this research paper, I will be arguing that restorative justice is a cost-effective way of dealing with crimes, reduces recidivism rates and provides greater satisfaction and outcomes for the victims, offenders and community. Victims The main objective of Restorative Justice is repairing the relationship between the victim and offender; this can be accomplished by considering the view, experiences and wishes of the victim. At the heart of Restorative Justice are the rights and interests of the victim (Littlechild., 2011). Many victims are shocked at the first thought of coming face-to-face with their offender when the idea is first offered to them, especially if the crime involved violence; after the Restorative Justice process, they come to obtain much more satisfaction with the justice system than they would have through the traditional criminal justice process (Strang. Sherman., n.d.). Van Camp and Wemmers (2016), argued that many victims of crimes would like to be given the option of Restorative Justice because in many cases they are not; it enables the victims to make choicesShow MoreRelatedCriminal Law, Questions and Answers 1284 Words   |  5 Pages1 Introduction Restorative justice as a whole is not gaining support in South Africa as the majority of our country is in favour of the punitive system in order to combat the high levels of crime. 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By deterring and mitigating crime, upholding social control, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts, the criminal justice system has a fundamentalRead MoreThe Abolitionist s Theory Of Crime1756 Words   |  8 Pagesapproach comes in. The term ‘crime’ when used with reference to the abolitionist position should be understood as ‘social conflict’, an ‘accident’ or a ‘problematic event’ from this point in the essay, as abolitionist believe in the reconceptualising of the notion of crime. Abolitionism emerged in the 1960s as an anti-prison movement, it was viewed as a way of reconstructing the social control of crime and deviance (Cohen, 1985). It holds that the role of the criminal justice system should be reducedRead MoreThe Japanese Criminal Justice System1203 Words   |  5 PagesFor some time now, the Japanese criminal justice system has been regarded or perceived to be a successful justice system model. The success is mainly attributed to Japan’s culture and even embedded in the language itself (Goold, 2004). The success has drawn interest among criminology scholars and practitioners either for the purpose of broadening their knowledge or to emulate its criminal justice system (Ebbe, 2000). The interest is based on statistical data that indicate low levels of criminalityRead MoreThe Education System Has Long Rested On Zero Tolerance Policies3101 Words   |  13 Pagesmake good grades and behave well in the classroom, the discussion becomes more disconcerting when the topic centers on the discipline of students who break the rules of society or the education system. Much like the prison system, the public school justice system has long rested on zero tolerance policies (Zehr, 2015). These zero tolerance policies rest on the ideology that by providing swift and harsh punishment to the offender, future violations of social and educational institution rules will be

Us Foreign Policy - 2444 Words

1. Introduction The goals and norms of American foreign policy can be traced over a number of centuries. Starting in 1776, foreign policy in the United States (US) has gone through a rollercoaster of competing strategies and schools of thought. Two competing strategies of Isolationism and Internationalism have taken their turns headlining the foreign policy principles of various American governments. Importantly, the reasons for the to and fro movement between these two extremes can not be linked to a single source but to a multitude of elements both internal and external shaping American thinking. In the sections that follow, a historical path will be traced through American foreign policy starting in 1776 with a watershed period†¦show more content†¦The key to combating communism was the belief in the domino theory, claiming that if one state fell to communism it would have a domino effect on neighbouring states, capitulating them into communism. Though small scale conflicts and ideological flare-ups characterised the Cold War Period, the most famous foreign policy principle was that of dà ©tente. Through the leadership of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger dà ©tente was based upon mutual respect and the view that both the US and Soviet Union would gain from cooperation and restraint (Kegley et al, 2003: 51). This period was one of the more stable in terms of US foreign policy as it almost singularly focused on defeating the threat of communism and the challenge to its liberal internationalism. Much of the Cold War was based upon ideological differences and power struggle. As the Soviet resolve started to wane under the Gorbachev presidency, the Soviet Union recognised the benefits of the free market economy the US was promoting. During this period heading towards the end of the Cold War the USSR and the US entered into several agreements regarding their nuclear weapons, as well as the control of arms world wide. This would lead to the move toward nuclear disarmament across the rest of the globe. 5. Post-Cold War and 9/11 The post-Cold War period was markedShow MoreRelatedUS Foreign Policy Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesUS Foreign policy is what the United States of America does in foreign countries. This may include setting new rules or even controlling the countries’ governments. What the US does in other countries usually ends up creating a conflict or an uprising in the region. US foreign policy makes the world very unstable and it causes disagreements between countries. The Israel Lobby has a great deal of negative influence on US foreign policy. The US is also very keen to destroy WahabbistRead MoreEssay about President Bush And Us Foreign Policy1683 Words   |  7 Pages2000 raised a debate between democrat and republican and in the end the American people chose a new leader Mr. George w. Bush. President Bush clearly defined foreign policy objectives and goals. I have seen and hear our dear President Bush foreign policy after September 11. Following this, Bush has established its top priorities in foreign policy. He claims that an acts in the government to improve the international community through negotiation and cooperation. Likewise President Bush remark It isRead MoreUs Foreign Policy2433 Words   |  10 Pages1. Introduction The goals and norms of American foreign policy can be traced over a number of centuries. Starting in 1776, foreign policy in the United States (US) has gone through a rollercoaster of competing strategies and schools of thought. Two competing strategies of Isolationism and Internationalism have taken their turns headlining the foreign policy principles of various American governments. Importantly, the reasons for the to and fro movement between these two extremes can not be linkedRead MoreUs Foreign Policy Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Foreign Policy has always been in a constant form of metamorphosis. Gradually, since the birth of the United States of America, the country has been slowly evolving it’s policies and relations with other countries. The United States began its history as a insignificant isolated nation. It slowly overtime would change to what the powerhouse that it is today: A Global Superpower. Just after the 13 Colonies began the break with Britain, the nations first government would come into existenceRead MoreUs Foreign Policy Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesWhy is US foreign policy pulled to extreme of either doing too much or nothing at all? The inability of U.S. foreign policy to stay effective is because America has committed itself to supporting alliances that have not proven to be mutually beneficial. Foreign assistance, which is supposed to improve the well-being of recipient countries, goes directly to small coalitions. 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Event Medical Staff Training Summary - 1073 Words

Event Medical Staff Training Manual About Us We are an LLC mobile medical care unit, specifically trained to deal with event medical staffing. We are compassionate, caring, and professional. A team of 8-10 independent contract EMT’s will be available for bookings. We provide on-site medical care, and a 24 hour medical booth. Our teams respond to all medical calls, roam the grounds to look for emergencies, and limit the need for medical transport for events. Corporate Regulation According to yourtrainingprovider.com: â€Å"The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) oversee most of the regulations related directly to the health care system, and for ensuring compliance to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). HIPAA,†¦show more content†¦The ATSDR responds to hazardous material threats, educates the public on HAZMAT risks and encourages community members and organization’s participation. 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American Multinational Company

Question: Write an essay on Apple Inc. Answer: Introduction Apple Inc. is an American multinational company. It is a technology company that manufactures, develops and sells consumer electronics and software. The headquarters is located in Cupertino, California. It was formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Woznaik in 1976. It is worlds second largest technology company and mobile phone manufacturer (Sanchirico, n.d.). Current CEO of Apple Inc. is Timothy Cook. The products that Apple Inc. designs are I-Phone smartphones, I-Pad tablet computers, iPod media player, Mac personal computer and various computer software and online App services. The first generation iPhone was released in 2007 followed by 3G, 3GS, 4, 4S, 5, 5S, 5C, 6S, 6Splus and the latest one is iPhone SE that has been released recently on 31 Mar 2016 (Sanchirico, n.d.). In this report, we will discuss the Marketing Strategy used by Apple iPhone before launch into the market and will survey the activities that were executed to make it a success. The company followed the same strategy before launching of all series of iPhones including current product SE and resulted in a successful product in almost all target markets (Capatina Draghescu, 2015). Situation Analysis Social - After the launch of the iPhone in the market, a survey was done among prior users, of Apple products to know about the market trend. 24% of 18 - 23-year-olds owned an I-Phone and 77% owned at least one apple product and were brand loyal (Capatina Draghescu, 2015). Target market included teenagers, businessmen, and high-end income earners. Legal - Apple Inc. follows labor laws during the manufacturing and distribution of its products. It also owns a privacy policy to stop its products being copied. All customers are protected under consumer laws and get a 1-year warranty on purchase of any Apple product. Economical - Apple Inc. has created jobs for many people across the world thus have large effects on many countries economies (Capatina Draghescu, 2015). Political - There are certain political issues line up against Apple Inc. For example, the debate over iBookstore and the allegations put by Obama against the company. Market and Competitor Analysis When the iPhone was launched in the market, there were few players operating in this industry. RIM and Palm were two of them which were posing as big competitors against Apple Inc. Palm was quite settled in the market but was facing issues regarding software and product usability. One of the major features of smartphones, web browsing, was not chartered by most of the competitors (Annan, 2005). Apple Inc. took advantage of this weak point and took a hold on the market with the launch of the first iPhone in 2007 with all the basic features that a smartphone could have. It was a full frontal attack that made this product popular among the target market. Apple Inc. had always been a customer-centered organization, but it didnt take much time to be a leader in the industry. SWOT Analysis Strengths - Repeat, referral and loyal customers - Brand Value - Quality customer service - Regular improvement of research and development team Weaknesses - Limited outside software uploads on I-phones - Update failures and product recall - No compliance with non-Apple products - Certain Law Suits Opportunities - New Retail stores launch - Mobile device and media expansion - Service stores launch in small markets Threats - Improvement in competitor products - Fast changing technology - Short product life cycle International Market Entry Strategy It is not easy to penetrate an already established market. The threats of entry include economies of scale in production and RD, Capital requirement, Product Differentiation, Distribution channel access and Government policies of the target markets. With the growing industry of smartphones, there are chances of more competitors addition. The strategy that an iPhone introduced to enter into new markets is a high-quality product with unique features (Chen, Shen, Chiu, 2007). It targeted only high-end market to sell higher-cost products. And the marketing strategy followed helped it to set up in new markets as a highly competitive established brand. Service centers to be opened in many countries and Apple retail stores to be introduced in new emerging markets like China and India. Future expansions in residential markets help generate more business and budget to expand in developing countries (Fletcher Brown, 2004). Consumer Analysis Product Attributes, Consequences of use, and personal values are the main factors that affect a consumer decision about any product. But product attributes are the reasons that may change and affect ones decision (Chen, Shen, Chiu, 2007). Apple Inc. introduced iPhone keeping this element in consideration. The outstanding applications, fast system, and brand name made the product popular among consumers and attracted a high volume of buyers. Segmentation and Target Market Demographic - Segmentation is done on the basis of age, gender, family size, income, education, and occupation, etc. are known as demographic segmentation. IPhone sales get affected by age, gender, profession, and the income of the buyer (Clapperton Corones, 2007). The target market is medium and high-end income groups. Teenagers and businessmen are the niche market. And men constitute a major target group. Psychographic - Social class is the base of such segmentation. People with different interests, opinions, and attitudes prefer to purchase different products. People who have an interest in high-tech products are target groups for iPhone. Use-related Segmentation - the market can be divided as per usage rate and brand awareness also (Clapperton Corones, 2007). Generally heavy and medium users prefer to buy iPhones to cater to their needs of a smartphone. Benefit Segmentation - different people get benefited differentiated from the same product. Some people accept iPhone due to its simplified systems, whereas others choose to buy it to maintain social status being it a market leader. Marketing Mix Marketing Mix is a combination of elements that campaign altogether to promote and sell a product in the market. Companies who plan to launch a brand or a new product under an existing brand in a new or existing market need to organize the launch effectively considering Marketing Mix Strategy (Clapperton Corones, 2007). The correct procedure and right marketing mix need to be structured before the introduction of any product or brand or it may result in failure of the product. Apple iPhone marketing mix signifies how the company counterpart its business activities with the target market conditions ("Apple Product Mix and Marketing Mix", 2014). The marketing mix strategy allows the firm to address market conditions efficiently and cater to the competitive landscape through the correct and appropriate study of product, price, distribution place and promotional activities ("Apple Product Mix and Marketing Mix", 2014). The target market for the I-phone remains teenagers, businessmen, and medium to high-income earners. As the segmentation has already been targeted, Apple Inc. designs iPhone keeping high standards and quality, exclusive phones with high expertise although at slightly higher prices. Product The product component of the marketing mix is an item that caters to the market demands. It can be a physical item, a service or maybe a virtual contribution. A product is designed keeping in mind the needs and demands of customers regarding the product design, packaging, size, usage, features, branding, and quality (Danish Xi, 2010). Every product should create value for the business. It should have some unique features to stand alone in the market. There should be a unique selling proposition (USP) to attract a majority. The product characteristics further follow other elements of the marketing mix. IPhone 6 is sixth recent released product in apple smartphones series. IPhone is a modified product of earlier phones with a large screen size and internal software up gradation (Goh Ryan, 2008). Apple does not compare iPhone with other smartphones, but is in competition with own products time to time. So, it can be said that iPhone does not enter into the competitive market based on the product. If we compare iPhone 6 with earlier phones, it can be concluded that it delivers a spacious screen, improved speed with wireless connections, better autofocus of camera, and storage capacity (Briggs, Krishnan, Borin, 2005). All the three things required by customers in a phone: design, features and performance are fulfilled by this phone. IPhone is a combination of a smart handheld phone and an iPod, which is designed with an internet connecting the device to surf web. IPhone features searching, web browsing, email, and maps compatible with both windows based computers and Mac. The synchronization function is automatic in this phone. It is a regular bar shaped phone available in different colors. Features: à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Dimension: 138.1x67.0x6.9 mm à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Display: 4.7 inches LED à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Operating system: iOS 8 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å" Memory: 16/64/128 GB The iOS operating system is the most vital obsession for people. The phone hardware designed is very compatible with the internal system that allows a smooth run of the phone with high processing speed. Exclusive Apps of this product also attract many customers. Itunes, apple store, safari, etc. are additional features that complement the product (Debruyne Reibstein, 2005). Other than this, an important step to be analyzed while a product launch is the stages of its lifecycle. Any product goes through four stages. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Introduction - It is an initial growth period, which generally remains slow following product launch. But in iPhone 6 case, it was much faster. The number of phones sold in first three days of its launch surpassed the record of Samsung phone sales in first 2 months. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Growth - It is a fast growth stage in the market when the product has been established successfully. This stage is what iPhone 6 has currently (Harries, Rettie, Studley, Burchell, Chambers, 2013). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Maturity - This is the period when sales slow down as the product becomes omnipresent. The earlier models of the iPhone such as iPhone 5 and 5S are in this stage right now. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Decline - A downward sales period as product generally becomes obsolete or other better options replace the product in the market. For example, iPhone 4 and 4S. Price The pricing strategy followed by a company is the base of a marketing plan. It is the most important part as it is a support for all other elements of marketing mix strategy. This is the only element which generates an organizations turnover. Pricing is not an easy task as it must follow demand and supply ratio (Degree Pan Jooyoung Kwak, 2013). Costing too much or too low for a product may result in failure of the product. There are a number of pricing strategies available. But the strategy that a company adopts usually depends on upon the companys objective. While rolling out a product in the market, Apple chooses the pricing strategy very cleverly. IPhone is a premium product that targets high- end markets, so the company espoused Skimming Pricing strategy for this product ("Larry Ha, 2016). Under this approach, a marketer sets a high price for a product. The main objective of the company remains to earn a maximum profit before any substitute or competitive product appears in the market. Later on, the prices lower down drastically to attract the low-end buyers. The same trend is followed by iPhone in the market. It is of very high price in comparison to other products available in the market, but the niche market of Apple is very loyal to the company. The price of iPhone is generally determined by using the demand forces (Low Pittaway, 2008). The prices are decided in such a manner that the product dominates the market that too remaining profitable for the company. The price decreases as per product life cycle. Another interesting fact about iPhone pricing is that it never offers any discount. The discount offers are launched under few schemes like sales promotion or exchange offer. A standard price is followed and maintained all over the market. Place The place in the marketing mix is defined as the strategy adopted by an organization to make a product reach the customer. The distribution of the product to make it available to the customer is the main aim of place mix strategy. The distribution should be done at the right place at the right time with the least possible cost applicable keeping its quality intact. Effective distribution in an efficient manner is required for any organization to meet its marketing goal. If the product demand is under or over estimated, it may affect a companys profitability. Apple Inc. follows this stage very well. IPhone is functional in many nations and excellent service backup is also available in all of these countries. Apple Inc. aims at colossal roll out across the globe. All the major retailers online and retail phone showrooms have iPhone inventory (Maisch Meckel, 2009). The product display remains good that ensures the unique stand of the product. IPhones move from manufacturer to wholesaler and then further to the retailer, which can either be an Apple store or a certified online or store retailer. The phones are sold directly to customers at a fixed price. A number of products distributed to retailers depend on upon the demand generated from that particular area (Maisch Meckel, 2009). All the retailers get the product through distributors or through a carrying and forwarding agent, whereas Istores get products directly from the company. Apple also has a provision of corporate sales of iPhones. There is a separate corporate sales department t hat caters to these needs. Promotion The promotion element of marketing mix means the communication with customers about a products features and benefits. When the product and price get finalized, the next step is to tell customers about that new product. The steps taken to inform customers and to increase product awareness in the target market are called promotional strategies (Murray, 2008). The awareness can be increased by using various modes of promotion to increase sales and to create brand loyalty. Information provided during promotional activities helps the customer to decide about the purchase. The product can be promoted through advertising it to the target market in several ways, such as print media, television, the internet, mouth publicity, and spokesperson, etc. Before deciding on the roll out of an advertisement, it is necessary to research consumer pattern and choose the correct time to target maximum audience. The product features displayed during an advertisement should meet customers expectations. The re are different ways, by which a product can be promoted like public relations and sponsorship, personal selling, direct marketing, and sales promotions. But the advertisement option was chosen by Apple Inc. to promote the iPhone. IPhone promotion is generally done through television advertisements, billboards, and online ads. The ad is designed considering demands of all markets. (Reder, 2009) There are sample phones available in all stores to allow customers to check and trial the phones before deciding on the purchase. The advertisement needs to be repeated at regular intervals and ensure its rolling out for a long time to ensure good sales. Advertisement is also aired in two platforms: ATL (Above the line) and BTL (Below the line) ATL Platform - there are various advertising methods used for iPhone promotion. Some of those are full front page advertisements for a product launch, radio and television advertisements. IPhone is displayed everywhere on each ATL platform to target the premium segment of the market. Maximum promotions are done in ATL segments (Ritter, 2014). BTL Platform - Hoardings and Point of sale advertisements in the retail outlets are methods used by companies to promote iPhone at BTL platform. Few sale promotions and exchange offers are being offered to customers via BTL marketing. IPhone 6S was advertised for older iPhone users through pop-up messages in the App store. This is an example of direct marketing. This product was launched with a tagline I-Phone 6S is here and the only thing thats changed is everything. The TV and online advertisements include the services of celebrities also (Sigal, 2016). Ads featuring movie actor Jamie Foxx and basketball star Steph Curry expressed the power of iPhone 6S and 6S plus were displayed for quite a long time on YouTube channel. One ad demonstrated the hands-free use of Siri to make this feature familiar with customers. One major factor about iPhone promotion strategy is that Apple does not advertise its products alone, but make the retailers and stores advertise that they are selling iPhones. Operators get benefits of stock distribution when they advertise about Apple products following the rules decided by Apple Inc. Economic Evaluation - AT the launch of iPhone 6, economists forecasted strong demand of the product with almost 71.5 Million iPhone sales in the last quarter of 2014 and drop to 50 Million units in the first quarter of 2015 (West Mace, 2010). - IPhone 6S was predicted to be sold double in numbers than iPhone 6S plus - During the maturity stage of the product currently in 2016, sales increase has been forecasted due to a decrease in product price and the introduction of promotional offers. - Revenue of $265 to $285 million from the sale of 6S and 6S plus (West Mace, 2010). Implementation, Evaluation, and Control Implementation and control are vital parts of the marketing plan. Execution of the steps as planned is very important to make the entire process a success. Starting from running ads to distribute product at right time at the right place is crucial. The evaluation process includes a regular check of qualitative and quantitative aspects associated with strategy and implementation. To check the data and make sure that the company has achieved its objective results in a successful product (Edwards, 2010). Control is important to process evaluation. Control set up during marketing plan introduction decides how to evaluate plans to achieve companys goals. Marketing budget and shares are included in the control process. Apple Inc. is a successful company and there are separate teams to keep track of proper evaluation during implementation and control process. Action Plan and Budget - Total operating expenses, including selling, administrative, research and development, and other general expenses are increasing by 18% every year. - Net sales are increased by 5%-10% every year - IPhone sales are increasing 12%-20% every year - Advertising expenses for FY 2014 are approx $ 1.2 Billion Monitoring and Control Mechanism Marketing activities need to be checked several times to determine if they will yield desired results or not. Any particular plan should repeat at regular intervals to check its success and should be analyzed properly before canceling or introducing a new plan (Evens, 2005). Few things should be considered before taking any decision: External factors - Economic shifts, competitor moves, economy dips etc. Cost Benefits - Calculate internal costs and take calculative risks Feedback - reliable feedback mechanism, effectiveness measures Long-term Perspective - Calculate and forecast long-term profitability Conclusion In this report, we have studied in details about a market plan that needs to be analyzed, evaluate and implement before the launch of any new product of an existing brand. We have taken iPhone as our target product and have studied about factors that influence any new product, market and competitor analysis, and SWOT analysis. Other than this, we have discussed various segmentation and target market strategies. The marketing mix strategy was main motive of this report. Implementation of strategy has also been described considering the evaluation and control mechanisms. Budget and forecasting have also been done. 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Apple's Research Kit Development Framework for Iphone Apps Enables Innovative Approaches to Medical Research Data Collection.Journal Of Clinical Trials,05(02). Sanchirico, C. As American as Apple Inc.: International Tax and Ownership Nationality.SSRN Electronic Journal. Sigal, M. (2016).Apple's segmentation strategy, and the folly of conventional wisdom - O'Reilly Radar.Radar.oreilly.com. Retrieved 26 May 2016, from https://radar.oreilly.com/2010/09/apple-segmentation-strategy-an.html West, J. Mace, M. (2010). Browsing as the killer app: Explaining the rapid success of Apple's iPhone.Telecommunications Policy,34(5-6), 270-286. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2009.12.002 Degree Pan Jooyoung Kwak,. (2013). A Case Study on Proprietary Standard Success :Lessons from Strategic Approaches of Apple's iPhone.The Knowledge Management Society Of Korea,14(3), 37-54.